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East Timorese Portuguese

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East Timorese Portuguese
português timorense,
português de Timor Leste
Native speakers
489,113 (2015)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
IETFpt-TL
Learning in multilingual East Timor, clockwise from left Portuguese, Bunak, Tetum and Fataluku

East Timorese Portuguese (Português timorense in Portuguese) is a Portuguese dialect spoken in the country of Timor-Leste or East Timor. It is one of the official languages of Timor-Leste alongside Tetum. The Portuguese language curriculum in East Timor is based on European rather than Brazilian Portuguese, with some localisations in pronunciation.

History

Timorese Portuguese is a legacy of Portuguese rule of Timor-Leste (called Portuguese Timor) from the 16th century. It had its first contact during the Portuguese discoveries of the East, but it was largely exposed to Portuguese Timor in the 18th century after its division from the rest of the island by the Netherlands.

However, Tetum remained the main lingua franca of Timor-Leste during Portuguese rule, although the most commonly used form, known as Tetun-Prasa used in Dili, was heavily influenced by Portuguese. Following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974, political parties emerged in Portuguese Timor for the first time, all of which supported the continued use of Portuguese, including APODETI, the only party to advocate integration with Indonesia, which stated that it would support the right to "enjoy the Portuguese language" alongside Indonesian.[2]

On 7 December 1975, nine days after declaring independence from Portugal, Timor-Leste was invaded by Indonesia, which declared the territory as its 27th province in 1976, with Indonesian as the sole official language. During the Indonesian occupation, the use of Portuguese in education, administration and the media was banned by the Indonesian authorities, which saw the language as a threat.[3] This was despite the fact that the 'People's Assembly', which petitioned President Suharto for integration with Indonesia, conducted its proceedings in Portuguese, under a banner reading Integração de Timor Timur na República da Indonésia (Integration of East Timor into the Republic of Indonesia).[4]

The last school to teach in Portuguese, the Externato São José, was closed in 1992.[5]

The reintroduction of Portuguese as an official language aroused criticism amongst Indonesian-educated youth, but according to the 2004 census, 36.7% of respondents aged 6 years and older (or 272,638 out of a total of 741,530) said they had “a capability in Portuguese.” [6]

Social context

Polícia Nacional Timor-Leste - Comando Geral, national police of East Timor building, Dili

After independence, Portuguese was restored by the new government of Timor-Leste as one of the official languages with Tetum, with Indonesian and English as "working languages".[7] Timor-Leste asked for help from Brazil, Portugal, and the Latin Union to spread the teaching of the language, although its prominence in official and public spheres has been met with some hostility from younger Indonesian-educated East Timorese.

Some people in Timor-Leste have complained that teachers from Portugal and Brazil are poorly equipped to teach in the country, as they do not know local languages, or understand the local culture.[8] Nevertheless, the late Sérgio Vieira de Mello, who headed the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, was a Brazilian who not only established a close working relationship with Xanana Gusmão (the country's first president) as a fellow Portuguese-speaker, but was respected by many East Timorese because of his efforts to learn Tetum.[9]

Phonology

The Portuguese dialect of the East Timorese people is similar to other Lusophone Asian dialects, like the Indian, Malaysian and Indonesian ones, and to some extent, the African as well. The translation for “please” is por favor. It is [puʁ faˈvo] in Brazilian colloquial speech, [poʁ faˈvoʁ] or [poɾ faˈvoɾ] in Brazilian educated speech, [po faˈvo] in Timor-Leste, but [poɾ fɐˈvoɾ] in European Portuguese. Local government and schools are strict to teach European dialect, as Macau, Portugal and PALOP countries use, because European is the chosen pronunciation, the native pronunciation is closer to European than Mozambican even though it is midway between European and Mozambican dialects, so it is common for foreigners to hear [poɾ fɐˈvoɾ] being used in Timor-Leste.[10] The Portuguese standard phonology is slightly affected by Tetum and other native languages, even though it is not a mother language of the population.

Usage

Portuguese appears to be increasing in use by East Timorese. One study, identified as being only used at home by 11% of Timorese in 2002, but that had grown to a third of respondents using it as a language spoken at home, by 2019. [11]

Orthography

Timor-Leste uses the standard European Portuguese (português-padrão) spelling patterns: which is used by Portugal, PALOP and Macau.

See also

References

Bibliography on the language situation and teaching Portuguese in East Timor

  1. ^ "Timor Leste, Tetum, Portuguese, Bahasa Indonesia or English?".
  2. ^ East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism Jill Jolliffe, University of Queensland Press, 1978, page 326
  3. ^ Colonization, Decolonization and Integration: Language Policies in East Timor, Indonesia
  4. ^ The Making of Tim-Tim, Robert Kroon, TIME, June 14, 1976
  5. ^ New World Hegemony in the Malay World, Geoffrey Gunn, The Red Sea Press, 2000, page 224
  6. ^ A New Country’s Tough Non-Elective: Portuguese 101, Seth Mydans, The New York Times, July 31, 2007
  7. ^ Ramos-Horta, J. (20 April 2012). "Timor Leste, Tetum, Portuguese, Bahasa Indonesia or English?". The Jakarta Post.
  8. ^ La'o Hamutuk Bulletin (August 2003). "Brazilian Aid to East Timor". La'o Hamutuk.
  9. ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (21 August 2003). "Two New Zealanders pay tribute to Sergio Vieira de Mello". New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
  10. ^ "Why East Timor would not be free without Mozambique". Asia by Africa. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
  11. ^ pilar, patricia (2019-05-10). "Timorese students consider Portuguese "very important" in identity". Retrieved 2022-11-02.
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