Execution movement
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The Execution(ist) Movement (Polish language: "Ruch egzekucyjny"; also "egzekucja praw," "execution (enforcement) of the laws," "egzekucja dóbr," "execution (revendication) of (public or state) lands (those illegaly held by magnates)" "popularyści," "popularists," "zamoyszczycy," "zamoyskites") was a 16th-century political movement in the Kingdom of Poland and, later, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth popular among lesser, middle and even some higher nobility, also supported by King.
The movement postulated actions against abusing of law by higher nobility (magnates), however in the early 17th century it declined and lost power before having attained most of its goals (see also: populism).
The supporters were inter alia:
- chancellor Jan Zamoyski,
- sejm marshal Mikołaj Sienicki,
- sejm marshal Rafał Leszczyński (ancestor of King Stanisław Leszczyński, grandfather of Primate of Poland Wacław Leszczyński),
- politicians like Hieronim Ossoliński, Jakub Ostroróg, Jan Ponętowski.
- some of the movement's program received the support of philosophers such as Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski and Jan Łaski or writers like Augustinus Rotundus.
The movement's goal was to reform the country, increasing the rights of the lesser and middle nobility in parliament (Sejm) at the expense of the higher nobility (the magnates), the priesthood and to a lesser extent, the monarch. The Executionist Movement succeeded in implementing some of its demands. However, in the early 17th century it declined and lost power before having attained most of its goals. The latter are largely viewed by modern historians as having been potentially salutary, had they been implemented.
The Execution Movement's demands included:
- respect for sejmik constitutions (legal acts), and codification of the laws (hence, "execution of the laws"),
- return of crown lands ("królewszczyzny"), often illegally held by magnates, to the king (hence, "execution of lands"),
- increasing the power of the Sejm (parliament); thus, the law of "Nihil novi",
- respect for the Incompatibilitas law (1504), specifying that some Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth might not be held together by one person; and for the residence rule, which stipulated that certain district offices might be held only by a person who maintained a residence in that district (territory, county).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Violetta Urbaniak, Zamoyszczycy bez Zamoyskiego (Zamoyszczycy without Zamoyski), Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 1995
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