Ein Feshkha
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Ein Feshkha (Hebrew: Einot Tzukim)(lit. "Cliff springs")(Arabic: عين فشخة Ayn Fashkhah) is a nature reserve and archaeological site on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, about three kilometers south of Qumran in Israel. According to Israel Nature and Parks Authority, It is the lowest land nature reserve in the world. It is named for a spring of brackish water in the area. The Ein Feshkha nature reserve consists of an open reserve with pools of mineral water for bathing surrounded by high foliage and another section that is closed to visitors to protect the native flora and fauna.[1]
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Archaeological excavations [edit]
Excavations at Ein Feshkha were conducted by Roland de Vaux of the Ecole Biblique in 1956 and 1958. Hirschfeld excavated the site in 2001. The earliest structure at the site, located south of the spring, was an Iron Age II fort, constructed at a similar time to the earliest structures at Qumran and down the Dead Sea coast.
The spring at Ein Feshkha is now located 100 meters south of the main building found by de Vaux and at least 3 meters lower. In ancient times a spring, now dried up, just north of the main building supplied water. This ancient spring being several meters higher suggests that it was sweet, not brackish.[2] The complex is composed of a main building (24m by 18m) with central courtyard, an industrial installation with two plastered basins to its northeast and what appear to be stables to its west.
De Vaux showed that the Ein Feshkha complex was contemporary with the settlement at Qumran and theorized that they were inhabited by the same community and, while he dated traces to the period from 100 to 31 BCE, both Magness and Hirschfeld have concluded that the complex was Herodian, ie after 37 BCE.[3] The entrance was through two doors, side-by-side, to the east. There is a staircase in the southeast corner of the building, showing that there was an upper story.[4] A channel brings water from the spring through the wall to the north into a small rectangular tank on to each of the two basins. The purpose of this installation is unknown. It may have served as part of a tannery or for raising fish.[5] More recent analyses suggest it may have been used in indigo manufacturing,[6] date-wine preparation,[7] date-honey production[8] or opobalsam preparation.[9]
See also [edit]
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References [edit]
- ^ Tzukim reserve
- ^ Magness 2002, p.214.
- ^ Taylor, 2006.
- ^ Magness 2002, p.211.
- ^ de Vaux, Roland, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, (Oxford: The British Academy, 1973) p.82
- ^ Bélis 2006.
- ^ Ehud Netzer, cited in Taylor 2006.
- ^ Gideon Hadas, cited in Hirschfeld 2004, p.207.
- ^ Hirschfeld 2004, p.207.
Bibliography [edit]
- Barag, Dan, "Ein-Feshkha" in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls Vol.1, Edd. Schiffman, Lawrence H., VanderKam, James C. (Oxford: OUP, 2000) p. 237-238.
- Bélis, Mirielle, “The Workshops at ʿEin Fashkhah: A New Hypothesis,” in: J.-B. Humbert, J. Zangenburg, and K. Galor (eds.), The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates (Leiden: Brill, 2006).
- de Vaux, Roland, "Fouilles de Feshka, Rapport preliminaire." Revue Biblique 66 (1959), 225-255.
- Hirschfeld, Yizhar, Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence, (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004). Ch.4, p. 183-209.
- Magness, Jodi, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002). Ch.10, p. 210-217.
- Netzer, Ehud, “Did Any Perfume Industry Exist at ʿEin Fashkhah?” in: Israel Exploration Journal, 55 (2005), 97–100.
- Taylor, Joan, "Ein Fashkha", p. 255-256, Vol.6, of Encyclopaedia Judaica, Edition 2 (Macmillan Reference USA, December 2006) ISBN 0-02-865928-7
