Electric power

For delivered electric energy, see Electric power industry. For concept of expenditure of energy, see Power (physics).

Electric power is transmitted on overhead lines like these, and also on underground high voltage cables.

Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.

Mathematics of electric power

Circuits

Electric power, like mechanical power, is represented by the letter P in electrical equations. The term wattage is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts."

Direct current

In direct current resistive circuits, electrical power is calculated using Joule's law:

$P = IV \,$

where P is the electric power, V the potential difference, and I the electric current.

In the case of resistive (Ohmic, or linear) loads, Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's law (V = I·R) to produce alternative expressions for the dissipated power:

$P = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R},$

where R is the electrical resistance.

Alternating current

Main article: AC power

In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductance and capacitance may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of power flow that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as real power (also referred to as active power). That portion of power flow due to stored energy, that returns to the source in each cycle, is known as reactive power.

Power triangle: The components of AC power

The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a vertical vector. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by connecting the real and reactive power vectors. This representation is often called the power triangle. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent power is:

$\mbox{(apparent power)}^2 = \mbox{(real power)}^2 + \mbox{(reactive power)}^2$

Real and reactive powers can also be calculated directly from the apparent power, when the current and voltage are both sinusoids with a known phase angle θ between them:

$\mbox{(real power)} = \mbox {(apparent power)}\cos(\theta)$

$\mbox{(reactive power)} = \mbox {(apparent power)}\sin(\theta)$

The ratio of real power to apparent power is called power factor and is a number always between 0 and 1. Where the currents and voltages have non-sinusoidal forms, power factor is generalized to include the effects of distortion.

In space

Electrical power flows wherever electric and magnetic fields exist together and fluctuate in the same place. The simplest example of this is in electrical circuits, as the preceding section showed. In the general case, however, the simple equation P = IV must be replaced by a more complex calculation, the integral of the cross-product of the electrical and magnetic field vectors over a specified area, thus:

$P = \int_S (\mathbf{E} \times \mathbf{H}) \cdot \mathbf{dA}. \,$

The result is a scalar since it is the surface integral of the Poynting vector.

See also

• High voltage cable
• AC power
• EGRID
• Electric energy consumption
• Rural electrification

Power generation

• Electricity generation
• Energy development
• Nuclear Power
• Fossil fuel power plant
• Geothermal Power

References

• Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North American Electric Reliability Council website
• Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford I. (1987). American Electricans' Handbook (Eleventh Edition ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-070-13932-6. http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/getbook.php?isbn=0071377352. 
• Fink, Donald G.; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (Eleventh Edition ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-070-20974-X. http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/getbook.php?isbn=0070220050. 

External links

• U.S. Department of Energy: Electric Power