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Elizabeth line

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Elizabeth line
An Elizabeth line train at Abbey Wood in May 2022
Overview
Service typeHybrid urban-suburban rail[1]
SystemNational Rail
Locale
First service24 May 2022; 2 years ago (2022-05-24)
Current operator(s)MTR Corporation (Crossrail) Ltd[2]
Websitetfl.gov.uk/modes/elizabeth-line/ Edit this at Wikidata
Route
TerminiWest: Heathrow Terminal 4, Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading
East: Abbey Wood and Shenfield
Stops41
Technical
Rolling stockClass 315
Class 345[3]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC (overhead lines)
Operating speed
  • Crossrail: 60 mph (95 km/h)
  • GWML, Heathrow and GEML: 90 mph (145 km/h)
Track owner(s)

The Elizabeth line is a high-frequency hybrid urbansuburban rail service in London and its suburbs. It runs services on dedicated infrastructure in central London from the Great Western Main Line west of Paddington to Abbey Wood and via Whitechapel to the Great Eastern Main Line near Stratford; along the Great Western Main Line from London Paddington to Reading and Heathrow Airport in the west; and along the Great Eastern Main Line between Stratford and Shenfield in the east. The service is named after Queen Elizabeth II, who officially opened the line on 17 May 2022 during her Platinum Jubilee year; passenger services started on 24 May 2022.

Under the project name of Crossrail, the system was approved in 2007, and construction began in 2009. Originally planned to open in 2018, the project was repeatedly delayed, including for several months as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In May 2015, existing commuter services on a section of one of the eastern branches, between Liverpool Street and Shenfield, were transferred to TfL Rail; this precursor service also took control of Heathrow Connect in May 2018, and some local services on the Paddington to Reading line in December 2019. These services were augmented by a new central section in May 2022, and rebranded as the Elizabeth line. The outer services were connected to the central section in November 2022. By May 2023, the central section will have up to 24 nine-carriage Class 345 trains per hour in each direction.

History

In 2001, Cross London Rail Links (CLRL), a 50/50 joint-venture between Transport for London (TfL) and the Department for Transport (DfT), was formed to develop and promote the Crossrail scheme,[4] and also a Wimbledon–Hackney scheme, Crossrail 2. In 2003 and 2004, over 50 days of exhibitions were held to explain the proposals at over 30 different locations.[5][non-primary source needed]

2005 route development

In 2005, ahead of Crossrail's hybrid bill submission, a number of feeder routes were considered by CLRL west of Paddington and east of Liverpool Street. It was viewed, given the 24 trains-per-hour (tph) core frequency, that two feeder routes, each of 12tph, could be taken forward.[6]

In the west, a route to Maidenhead (later extended to Reading) and Heathrow Airport was selected. In the east, routes to Abbey Wood (curtailed from Ebbsfleet to avoid conflicts with the North Kent lines) and Shenfield were selected.

Approval

The Crossrail Act 2008 authorising the construction project received royal assent on 22 July 2008.[7][8] In December 2008, TfL and the DfT announced that they had signed the "Crossrail Sponsors' Agreement". This committed them to financing the project, then projected to cost £15.9 billion, with further contributions from Network Rail, BAA[9] and the City of London.[10]

Construction

Construction of Crossrail at Tottenham Court Road in September 2011

Work began on 15 May 2009 when piling works started at the future Canary Wharf station.[11]

Boring of the railway tunnels was officially completed in June 2015.[12] Installation of the track was completed in September 2017.[13] The ETCS signalling was scheduled to be tested in the Heathrow tunnels over the winter of 2017–2018.[14]

At the end of August 2018, four months before the scheduled opening of the core section of the line, it was announced that completion was delayed and that the line would not open before autumn 2019.[15] After multiple delays, in August 2020 Crossrail announced that the central section would be ready to open "in the first half of 2022".[16]

In May 2021, trial running commenced.[17]

On 17 May 2022, the line was officially opened by the Queen in honour of her Platinum Jubilee. She was not scheduled to attend the event, but decided to attend with her son, Prince Edward, to unveil the plaque commemorating the official opening.[18]

Timeline

Though the main tunnels under central London had not yet been opened, passenger operations on the outer branches of the future Elizabeth line were transferred to TfL for inclusion in the concession – this took place over several stages beginning May 2015. During this initial phase of operation, services were operated by MTR under the TfL Rail brand. Following the practice adopted during the transfer of former Silverlink services to London Overground in 2007, TfL carried out a deep clean of stations and trains on the future Elizabeth line route, installed new ticket machines and barriers, introduced Oyster card and contactless payment, and ensured all stations were staffed. Existing rolling stock was rebranded with the TfL Rail identity.[19]

TfL Rail and Elizabeth line services
Stage Map Completion dates Notes Completed?
Original Actual
0 Map of the first phase of Crossrail 2015 May 2015[20] 31 May 2015[21] Existing "metro" service between Liverpool Street (main line station) and Shenfield transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia to TfL Rail Yes
1 Map of the first phase of Crossrail 2015 May 2017[20] 22 June 2017[22] Class 345 trains start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield in reduced length format[23] Yes
2a[24] Map of the 2nd phase of Crossrail in 2018 May 2018[20] 20 May 2018[25] Existing service between Paddington (main line station) and Heathrow Terminal 4 transferred from Heathrow Connect

Existing shuttle service between Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 and Heathrow Terminal 4 transferred from Heathrow Express, both to TfL Rail

Yes
5a[26] Map of Crossrail with Reading section 15 December 2019[27] Most stopping services between Paddington and Reading transferred from Great Western Railway to TfL Rail, operating up to 4tph
The first TfL trains in public service to Reading ran on 25 November 2019 as a soft launch of the service.[28]
Yes
2b[24] Map of the 2nd phase of Crossrail in 2018 May 2018[20] 30 July 2020[29] Class 345 trains start running between Paddington and Heathrow Yes
4a[30] Map of the first phase of Crossrail 2015 26 May 2021[31] Class 345 trains in full length format start running between Liverpool Street and Shenfield[31] Yes
3 Map of the 3rd phase of Crossrail 2018 Dec 2018[20] 24 May 2022[32] Services between Paddington and Abbey Wood begin; this section and existing TfL Rail routes rebranded as the Elizabeth line, up to 12tph Yes
4b/5b Map of the 5th phase of Crossrail 2019 6 November 2022[33] Services begin between Paddington and Shenfield; and between Reading and Heathrow, and Abbey Wood. The two services are operated in parallel, sharing the central tunnel. Yes
5c Map of the 5th phase of Crossrail 2019 Dec 2019[20] Expected May 2023 Full route opens, with services between both Reading and Heathrow in the west, and Abbey Wood and Shenfield in the east. No

Route

Design and infrastructure

Elizabeth line roundel
Elizabeth line roundel
Elizabeth line roundel
Seven Kings station name on an Elizabeth line roundel
The Elizabeth line logo is a Transport for London roundel with a purple ring and blue bar with white text.

Name and identity

Crossrail is the name of the construction project and of the limited company, wholly owned by TfL, that was formed to carry out construction works.[19][34]

The Elizabeth line is the name of the new service that is on signage throughout the stations. It is named in honour of Queen Elizabeth II.[35][36] The Elizabeth line logo features a Transport for London roundel with a purple ring and blue bar with white text. Unlike lines of the London Underground, the roundels contain the word "line".

TfL Rail was an intermediate brand name which was introduced in May 2015 and discontinued in May 2022. It was used by TfL on services between Paddington and Heathrow Terminal 5 and Reading, as well as trains between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.[37]

Stations

Elizabeth line
All stations have step-free access
Reading National Rail
Twyford National Rail
Maidenhead National Rail
North sign pointing rightward
Taplow
Burnham
Slough National Rail
Airport interchange Heathrow Express Piccadilly Line Heathrow T5
Langley
Airport interchange Heathrow T4
Iver
Airport interchange Heathrow Express Heathrow T2&3
West Drayton
Heathrow Rail Link
Hayes & Harlington
Southall
Hanwell
West Ealing National Rail
Ealing Broadway Central line (London Underground) District Line
Acton Main Line
National Rail Old Oak Common
(under construction)
Old Oak Common depot
Great Western Main Line
Royal Oak portal
National Rail Heathrow Express
Bakerloo Line Circle line (London Underground)
District Line Hammersmith & City Line
Paddington
enlarge…
London Paddington
Central line (London Underground) Jubilee Line Bond Street
Central line (London Underground) Northern Line Tottenham Ct Rd
National Rail Circle line (London Underground) Hammersmith & City Line Metropolitan Line Farringdon
Barbican Circle line (London Underground) Hammersmith & City Line Metropolitan Line
Moorgate Northern Line Northern City Line
National Rail Lea Valley lines
Central line (London Underground) Circle line (London Underground)
Hammersmith & City Line Metropolitan Line
Liverpool St
East London line District Line Hammersmith & City Line Whitechapel
Crossrail
Pudding Mill Lane portal[38]
Canary Wharf tube station Canary Wharf DLR station Canary Wharf
Stratford National Rail North London line Central line (London Underground) Jubilee Line Docklands Light Railway
Victoria Dock portal
Maryland
Docklands Light Railway Custom House
Forest Gate Wanstead Park railway station
Manor Park
Ilford
Woolwich Arsenal station Woolwich Arsenal station Woolwich
Seven Kings
National Rail Abbey Wood
Goodmayes
Safeguarded route
to Gravesend
Chadwell Heath
Romford Control Centre
and depot
Romford National Rail Romford–Upminster line
Gidea Park
Harold Wood
Brentwood
Shenfield National Rail
Station Image Branch(es) TfL service began Interchanges
Reading
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15) National Rail CrossCountry, Great Western, South Western
Twyford
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15) National Rail Great Western
Maidenhead
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15) National Rail Great Western
Taplow
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15)
Burnham
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15)
Slough
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15) National Rail Great Western
Langley
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15)
Iver
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15)
West Drayton
Reading 15 December 2019 (2019-12-15) National Rail Great Western
Heathrow Terminal 5 Heathrow Airport
Heathrow 9 May 2020 (2020-05-09) Heathrow Express Heathrow Express
Piccadilly Line Piccadilly line
Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Airport
Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Airport
Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20) Heathrow Express Heathrow Express
Hayes & Harlington
Reading and Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20) National Rail Great Western
Southall
Reading and Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20) National Rail Great Western
Hanwell
Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)
West Ealing
Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20) National Rail Great Western
Ealing Broadway
Reading and Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20) National Rail Great Western
Central line (London Underground) Central line
District Line District line
Acton Main Line
Heathrow 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20)
Paddington
Core 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) National Rail Great Western
Heathrow Express Heathrow Express
Bakerloo Line Bakerloo line[a]
Circle line (London Underground) Circle line[a][b]
District Line District line[a]
Hammersmith & City Line Hammersmith & City line[b]
Bond Street
Core 24 October 2022 (2022-10-24)[39][40] Central line (London Underground) Central line
Jubilee Line Jubilee line
Tottenham Court Road
Core 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) Central line (London Underground) Central line
Northern Line Northern line
Farringdon
Core 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) National RailThameslink Thameslink
Circle line (London Underground) Circle line
Hammersmith & City Line Hammersmith & City line
Metropolitan Line Metropolitan line
Liverpool Street
Core 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) National Rail c2c,[c] Greater Anglia, Great Northern[d]
Lea Valley lines Lea Valley lines
Central line (London Underground) Central line
Circle line (London Underground) Circle line
Hammersmith & City Line Hammersmith & City line
Metropolitan Line Metropolitan line
Northern Line Northern line[d]
Whitechapel
Core 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) London Overground East London line
District Line District line
Hammersmith & City Line Hammersmith & City line
Canary Wharf
Abbey Wood 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) Jubilee Line Jubilee line[e]
Docklands Light Railway Docklands Light Railway[f]
Custom House
Abbey Wood 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) Docklands Light Railway Docklands Light Railway
Woolwich
Abbey Wood 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) National Rail Southeastern
Thameslink Thameslink[g]
Docklands Light Railway Docklands Light Railway[g]
Abbey Wood
Abbey Wood 24 May 2022 (2022-05-24) National Rail Southeastern
Thameslink Thameslink
Stratford
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31) National Rail c2c,[c] Greater Anglia
North London line North London line
Central line (London Underground) Central line
Jubilee Line Jubilee line
Docklands Light Railway Docklands Light Railway
Maryland
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Forest Gate
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31) London Overground Gospel Oak to Barking line[h]
Manor Park
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Ilford
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Seven Kings
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Goodmayes
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Chadwell Heath
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Romford
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31) National Rail Greater Anglia
Romford–Upminster line Romford–Upminster line
Gidea Park
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Harold Wood
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Brentwood
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31)
Shenfield
Shenfield 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31) National Rail Greater Anglia
London Paddington[i]
Paddington 20 May 2018 (2018-05-20) National Rail Great Western
Heathrow Express Heathrow Express
Elizabeth Line Elizabeth line (main route)
Bakerloo Line Bakerloo line[a]
Circle line (London Underground) Circle line[a][b]
District Line District line[a]
Hammersmith & City Line Hammersmith & City line[b]
London Liverpool Street[j]
Liverpool Street 31 May 2015 (2015-05-31) National Rail c2c,[c] Greater Anglia
Lea Valley lines Lea Valley lines
Elizabeth Line Elizabeth line (main route)
Central line (London Underground) Central line
Circle line (London Underground) Circle line
Hammersmith & City Line Hammersmith & City line
Metropolitan Line Metropolitan line
  1. ^ a b c d e f from Paddington 'BCD' tube station
  2. ^ a b c d from Paddingdon 'CHC' tube station
  3. ^ a b c Limited c2c service from Liverpool Street and Stratford stations
  4. ^ a b from Moorgate station
  5. ^ from Canary Wharf tube station
  6. ^ from Canary Wharf, Poplar and West India Quay DLR stations
  7. ^ a b from Woolwich Arsenal station
  8. ^ from Wanstead Park station
  9. ^ London Paddington terminus sees limited service early mornings and late nights
  10. ^ London Liverpool Street terminus sees limited service early mornings, late nights, and in the peak direction
The new platforms at Farringdon

Ten new stations have been built in the central and south east sections of the line, and thirty-one existing stations were upgraded and refurbished.[41] Nine of the ten new built stations were fully opened on 24 May 2022 with Bond Street as the exception which, as of February 2022, still needed further final finishing prior to testing and commissioning.[42][43] All stations are equipped with CCTV[44] and because of the length of trains, central stations have train indicators above the platform-edge doors.[45] All 41 stations will be step-free, with 13 of these (the central and Heathrow stations) having level access between trains and platforms.[46]

Although the trains are 200 metres (660 feet) long, platforms at the new stations in the central core are built to enable 240-metre-long (790 ft) trains in case of possible future need. In the eastern section, Maryland and Manor Park have not had platform extensions, so trains use selective door opening instead.[47] At Maryland this is because of the prohibitive cost of extensions and the poor business case,[48] and at Manor Park it is due to the presence of a freight loop that would otherwise be cut off.[49]

A mock-up of the new stations was built in Bedfordshire in 2011 to ensure that their architectural integrity would last for a century.[50] It was planned to bring at least one mock-up to London for the public to view the design and give feedback before final construction commenced.[45]

Future stations

Station Image Branch(es) Opening Interchanges
Old Oak Common Core[51] About 2030[52] National Rail Great Western, Avanti West Coast
Heathrow Express Heathrow Express

Rolling stock

Class 345 trains at the Paddington terminus in 2018

The Elizabeth line route exclusively uses nine-car Class 345 trains for the services on the routes.[53][32] The requirement was for 65 trains, each 200 metres (660 feet) long and carrying up to 1,500 passengers.[53] The trains are accessible, including dedicated areas for wheelchairs, with audio and visual announcements, CCTV and speaker-phones connected to the driver in case of emergency.[54] They will run at up to 140 km/h (90 mph) on certain parts of the route.[55]

In March 2011, Crossrail announced that five bidders had been shortlisted for the contract to build the Class 345 and its associated depot.[56] One of the bidders, Alstom, withdrew from the process in July 2011. In February 2012, Crossrail issued an invitation to negotiate to CAF, Siemens, Hitachi and Bombardier, with tenders expected to be submitted by mid-2012.[57] In 2013, Siemens also withdrew from the bid, but will provide signalling and control systems for Crossrail.[58] In December 2013, the European Investment Bank (EIB) agreed to provide loans to Transport for London for the rolling stock of up to £500M.[59] On 6 February 2014, it was announced that Canada's Bombardier had been awarded a £1bn contract to supply 66 trains,[3][60] with an option for 18 more.[3] Bombardier Transportation would later be acquired by withdrawing bidder Alstom on 29 January 2021.

The first train entered service on 22 June 2017 on the TfL Rail route between London Liverpool Street and Shenfield as a seven-carriage unit,[61] since, before the platforms were lengthened,[62] the complete nine-car sets could not be accommodated at Liverpool Street station.[63]

In July 2017 an option for five more units was exercised taking the order to 70 units.[64][better source needed]

Eight Class 315 trains, which were built in 1980–1981, are still needed to run on the Liverpool Street-Shenfield via Stratford section of the Elizabeth line. They will cover Elizabeth line services during weekday peak hours for an initial few months until there are enough Class 345 trains to run the service, as some are out of service temporarily whilst extra carriages are added to them.[65]

 Class Image Type  Top speed  Carriages  Number  Routes operated  Built  Years in operation
 mph   km/h 
Class 315 EMU 75 120 4 8[65] Liverpool StreetShenfield[66] (weekdays only) 1980–1981 1980–November 2022
Class 345 Aventra EMU 90 145 9 70 2015–2019 June 2017–present

Electrification and train protection

The Elizabeth line uses 25 kV, 50 Hz AC overhead lines, already in use on the Great Eastern and Great Western Main Lines.

The Heathrow branch started using the European Train Control System (ETCS) in 2020. The Automatic Warning (AWS) and Train Protection & Warning (TPWS) systems are used on the Great Western and Great Eastern Main Lines, with possible later upgrades to ETCS. Communications-based train control (CBTC) is installed in the central section and the Abbey Wood branch.[67][68][69]

Depots

The Elizabeth line has depots in west London at Old Oak Common TMD, in south-east London at Plumstead Depot, and in east London at Ilford EMU Depot.[70][71]

Service pattern

Initial service

Routes of the Elizabeth line (in purple, from middle of left edge to right edge), the London Underground and the Docklands Light Railway

Upon opening, the line ran as three physically separate services: between Reading or Heathrow airport and London Paddington in the west; from Paddington via Liverpool Street to Abbey Wood in the centre; and between London Liverpool Street and Shenfield in the east. To connect between services, a walk between the separate stations at Paddington or Liverpool Street was required.

Current service

As of 6 November 2022, when through-running began, there are two main service groups, overlapping through the core section: from Reading or Heathrow Airport to Abbey Wood; and from Paddington to Shenfield. The off-peak weekday service is as follows:[72]

Heathrow Airport or Reading to Abbey Wood
Route tph Calling at
Reading to Abbey Wood 2
Maidenhead to Abbey Wood 2
  • Burnham
  • Slough
  • Langley
  • Iver
  • West Drayton
  • Hayes & Harlington
  • Southall
  • Ealing Broadway
  • Paddington
  • Bond Street
  • Tottenham Court Road
  • Farringdon
  • Liverpool Street
  • Whitechapel
  • Canary Wharf
  • Custom House
  • Woolwich
Heathrow Terminal 4 to Abbey Wood 2
Heathrow Terminal 5 to Abbey Wood 2
Paddington to Shenfield
Route tph Calling at
Paddington to Shenfield 8

Some early morning and late night services run into London Paddington main line terminus instead of going across central London. Likewise, some early, peak-direction, and late trains run between London Liverpool Street main line terminus and Gidea Park, bypassing Whitechapel.

Planned service

In May 2023, it is planned to allow trains to run from both eastern branches to west of Paddington. This will allow both more flexible, and higher frequency, services: 24tph peak, 20tph off-peak, and direct services between Shenfield and Heathrow"Phased Opening". Crossrail. Retrieved 24 November 2022.. In the longer term, when Old Oak Common opens, all trains will serve Old Oak Common, with those not serving the Reading or Heathrow branches reversing there.[51]

Journey times

Minutes between stations[73]
Route Pre-Elizabeth line time Elizabeth line time
Paddington to Tottenham Court Road 20 4
Paddington to Canary Wharf 34 17
Bond Street to Paddington 15 3
Bond Street to Whitechapel 24 10
Canary Wharf to Liverpool Street 21 6
Canary Wharf to Heathrow 55 39
Whitechapel to Canary Wharf 13 3
Abbey Wood to Heathrow 93 52

Ticketing

Ticketing is integrated with the other London transport systems, but Oyster pay as you go will not be accepted on the western section between West Drayton (the limit of TfL's Zone 6) and Reading, with only contactless cards valid there. Travelcards and concessionary passes will be valid within Greater London. The Elizabeth line is integrated with the London Underground, the wider Transport for London network and the National Rail networks; it is also included on the standard Tube map.[74]

Journeys to or from Heathrow Airport are priced at a premium due to using the rail tunnel between the airport and Hayes & Harlington. That stretch of line is not part of the Network Rail system but owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings, who charge TfL an additional fee for each train that uses it. Heathrow is nevertheless included within travelcards and daily/weekly fare capping as a Zone 6 station.[75]

Passenger numbers

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Elizabeth line was predicted to carry over 200 million passengers annually immediately after opening;[76] this was expected to relieve pressure on London Underground's lines, especially the Central line.[77] Farringdon is expected to become one of the busiest stations in the UK, due to it being the key interchange station with Thameslink services.[78] In a business plan for the line published in January 2020, Transport for London predicted total annual revenues from the line of nearly £500 million per year in 2022/23 (its first full year of operation) and over £1 billion per year in 2024/25.[76] By the time the line opened, TfL had reduced their passenger forecasts because passenger travelling habits changed during the pandemic; the estimate was between 130 and 170 million passengers by 2026.[79]

Further proposals

New stations have been proposed to serve London City Airport, and extensions have been put forward to Ebbsfleet in the south east, Milton Keynes in the north west, Staines in the south west, and Southend Airport in the east.

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b c "Bombardier wins Crossrail train contract". Railway Gazette International. 6 February 2014.
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Bibliography

Preceded by Operator of MTR Crossrail
2015–2023
Incumbent
Preceded by
Preceded by