English conditional sentences: Difference between revisions

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"Second conditional" or "conditional II" refers to a pattern used to describe hypothetical, typically counterfactual situations with a present or future time frame (for past time frames the {{s/c|third conditional}} is used). In the normal form of the second conditional, the condition clause is in the past tense (although it does not have past meaning), and the consequence is expressed using the [[conditional mood|conditional]] construction with the auxiliary ''would'':
"Second conditional" or "conditional II" refers to a pattern used to describe hypothetical, typically counterfactual situations with a present or future time frame (for past time frames the {{s/c|third conditional}} is used). In the normal form of the second conditional, the condition clause is in the past tense (although it does not have past meaning), and the consequence is expressed using the [[conditional mood|conditional]] construction with the auxiliary ''would'':
::If I liked parties, I would attend more of them.
::If I liked parties, I would attend more of them.
::If it rained tomorrow, people would dance in the street.
::If it rained tomorrow, people would dance in the street

The past tense ([[simple past]] or [[past progressive]]) of the condition clause is historically the past [[subjunctive]]. In modern English this is identical to the past [[indicative mood|indicative]], except in the first and third persons singular of the verb ''be'', where the indicative is ''was'' and the subjunctive ''were''; in this case either form may be used. (''Was'' is more colloquial, and ''were'' more formal, although the phrase ''if I were you'' is common in colloquial language. For more details see {{p/s|English subjunctive|Use of the past subjunctive}}.)
::If I (he, she, it) was/were rich, there would be plenty of money available for this project.
::If I (he, she, it) was/were speaking, you would not be allowed to interrupt like that.

When ''were'' is the verb of the condition clause, it can be used to make an [[#Inversion in condition clauses|inverted condition clause]] without a conjunction. If the condition clause uses the past tense of another verb, it may be replaced by the [[auxiliary verb|auxiliary]] construction ''[[am to|was/were to]]'' + infinitive (particularly if it has hypothetical future reference); if this is done and ''were'' is used, then inversion can be applied here too:
::If I was rich, ... / If I were rich, ... / Were I rich, ...
::If I flew, ... / If I was/were to fly, ... / Were I to fly, ...

Another possible pattern is ''if it wasn't/weren't for...'' (inverted form: ''were it not for ...''), which means something like "in the absence of ...". For clauses with ''if only'', see {{p/s|Uses of English verb forms|Expressions of wish}}.

For the possible use of ''would'' or ''could'' in the condition clause as well, see {{p/s|Use of will and would in condition clauses}} below.

The conditional construction of the main clause is usually the [[simple conditional]]; sometimes the [[conditional progressive]] (e.g. ''would be waiting'') is used. Occasionally, with a [[grammatical person|first person]] subject, the auxiliary ''would'' is replaced by ''should'' (similarly to the way ''will'' is replaced by [[shall and will|''shall'']]). Also, ''would'' may be replaced by another appropriate [[English modal verbs|modal]]: ''could'', ''should'', ''might''.

When referring to hypothetical future circumstance, there may be little difference in meaning between the first and second conditional (factual vs. counterfactual, [[realis mood|realis]] vs. [[irrealis]]). The following two sentences have similar meaning, although the second (with the second conditional) implies less likelihood that the condition will be fulfilled:
::If you leave now, you will still catch your train.
::If you left now, you would still catch your train.

Notice that in [[indirect speech]] reported in the past tense, the first conditional naturally changes to the second:
::She''''ll kill''' me if she '''finds''' out.
::He said I '''would kill''' him if I '''found''' out.


==Third conditional==
==Third conditional==

Revision as of 00:32, 18 July 2013

This article describes the grammar of conditional sentences in the English language.

As is typical for many languages, full conditional sentences in English consist of a condition clause or protasis specifying a condition or hypothesis, and a consequence clause or apodosis specifying what follows from that condition. The condition clause is a dependent clause, most commonly headed by the conjunction if, while the consequence is contained in the main clause of the sentence. Either clause may appear first.

Different types of conditional sentences (depending largely on whether they refer to a past, present or future time frame) require the use of particular verb forms (tenses and moods) to express the condition and the consequence. In English language teaching the most common patterns are referred to as first conditional, second conditional and third conditional; there is also a zero conditional and mixed conditional.

For more general information about the uses of verb tenses, moods and aspects in English, see Uses of English verb forms.

Overview

In English conditional sentences, the condition clause (protasis) is a dependent clause, most commonly introduced by the conjunction if. Other conjunctions or equivalent expressions may also be used, such as unless (meaning "if...not"), provided (that), providing (that) and as long as. Certain condition clauses can also be formulated using inversion without any conjunction; see Template:P/s below.

The apodosis, expressing the consequence of the stated condition, is generally the main clause of the sentence. Depending on the sentence type, it may be a statement, question, or order. It may appear before or after the condition clause:

If I see him, I will tell him. (declarative sentence, condition first)
I will tell him if I see him. (declarative sentence, condition second)
If you saw him, would you tell him? (interrogative sentence, condition first)
Would you tell him if you saw him? (interrogative sentence, condition second)
If you see it, photograph it. (imperative sentence, condition first)
Photograph it if you see it. (imperative sentence, condition second)

As with other dependent clauses in English, it is common for a comma to be used to separate the clauses if the dependent clause comes first (as is done in the above examples). See Template:P/s.

It is possible for the consequence clause to appear alone in a sentence, without a condition clause, if the condition has been previously stated or is understood from the context. It may also be shortened by verb phrase ellipsis; a minimal conditional sentence could therefore be something like "Would you?" or "I would."

In English language teaching, conditional sentences are often classified under the headings zero conditional, first conditional (or conditional I), second conditional (or conditional II), third conditional (or conditional III) and mixed conditional, according to the grammatical pattern followed, particularly in terms of the verb tenses and auxiliaries used. These patterns and their variations are described in the following sections.

Zero conditional

"Zero conditional" refers to conditional sentences that express a factual implication, rather than describing a hypothetical situation or potential future circumstance (see Types of conditional sentence). The term is used particularly when both clauses are in the present tense; however such sentences can be formulated with a variety of tenses/moods, as appropriate to the situation:

If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry.
If the alarm went off, there's a fire somewhere in the building.
If you are going to sit an exam tomorrow, go to bed early tonight!
If aspirins will cure it, I'll take a couple tonight.

First conditional

"First conditional" or "conditional I" refers to a pattern used in predictive conditional sentences, i.e. those that concern consequences of a possible future event (see Types of conditional sentence). In the basic first conditional pattern, the condition is expressed using the present tense (having future meaning in this context), and the consequence using the future construction with will (or shall):

If you make a mistake, someone will let you know.
If he asks me, I will/shall consider his proposal carefully.

The use of present tense in dependent clauses with future time reference is not confined to condition clauses; it also occurs in various temporal and relative clauses (as soon as he arrives; take the first train that comes; etc.), as described under Template:P/s.

The present tense used in the condition clause may take the form of the simple present as in the above examples, or the present progressive, present perfect or present perfect progressive as appropriate (according to general principles for uses of English verb forms):

If he is sleeping when we arrive, we shan't wake him. (present progressive)
Will you wake him if he hasn't stirred by 10 o'clock? (present perfect)
If you have been working for more than ten hours when he returns, he will take your place. (present perfect progressive)

The condition can also be expressed using the modal verb should. This form can be used to make an inverted condition clause without a conjunction:

If you should make a mistake, ... (equivalent to "If you make a mistake")
Should you make a mistake, ... (inverted form again equivalent to the above).

Otherwise, the condition clause in a first conditional pattern is not normally formed with a modal verb, other than can. However there are certain situations (often involving polite expressions) where will, would and could may be used in such clauses; see Template:P/s below. For the occasional use of the subjunctive in the condition clause, see under Template:S/c above. In colloquial English, an imperative may be used with the meaning of a condition clause, as in "go eastwards a mile and you'll see it" (meaning "if you go eastwards a mile, you will see it").

Although the consequence in first conditional sentences is usually expressed using the will (or shall) future (usually the simple future, though future progressive, future perfect and future perfect progressive are used as appropriate), other variations are also possible – it may take the form of an imperative, it may use another modal verb that can have future meaning, or it may be expressed as a deduction about present or past time (consequent on a possible future event):

If it rains this afternoon, come round to my place! (imperative)
If it rains this afternoon, we can/could/should/may/might find somewhere to shelter. (other modals)
If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong. (deduction about the past)
If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed. (deduction placed in the present)

A particular case involves a condition clause that expresses a goal (this is often done using the be + to construction, the going-to future or the verb want), and the main clause expresses something that is necessary for the achievement of that goal, usually using a modal verb of necessity or obligation. In this case it is effectively the main clause, rather than the dependent condition clause, that expresses a "condition".

If we want to succeed, we have to try harder.
If you are to get your pocket money, you must start behaving yours

Second conditional

"Second conditional" or "conditional II" refers to a pattern used to describe hypothetical, typically counterfactual situations with a present or future time frame (for past time frames the Template:S/c is used). In the normal form of the second conditional, the condition clause is in the past tense (although it does not have past meaning), and the consequence is expressed using the conditional construction with the auxiliary would:

If I liked parties, I would attend more of them.
If it rained tomorrow, people would dance in the street

Third conditional

"Third conditional" or "conditional III" is a pattern used to refer to hypothetical situations in a past time frame, generally counterfactual (or at least presented as counterfactual, or likely to be counterfactual). Here the condition clause is in the past perfect, and the consequence is expressed using the conditional perfect.

If you had called me, I would have come.
Would he have succeeded if I had helped him?

The condition clause can undergo inversion, with omission of the conjunction:

Had you called me, I would have come.
Would he have succeeded had I helped him?

Another possible pattern (similar to that mentioned under the second conditional) is if it hadn't been for... (inverted form: had it not been for ...), which means something like "in the absence of ...", with past reference. For clauses with if only, see Template:P/s.

For the possible use of would in the condition clause, see Template:P/s. In the main clause, the auxiliary would can be replaced by could, should or might, as described for the Template:S/c.

If only one of the two clauses has past reference, a mixed conditional pattern (see below) is used.

Mixed conditional

"Mixed conditional" usually refers to a mixture of the second and third conditionals (the counterfactual patterns). Here either the condition or the consequence, but not both, has a past time reference.

When the condition refers to the past, but the consequence to the present, the condition clause is in the past perfect (as with the Template:S/c), while the main clause is in the conditional mood as in the Template:S/c (i.e. simple conditional or conditional progressive, but not conditional perfect).

If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
If I hadn't married Kelly, I wouldn't be living in Scotland now.

When the consequence refers to the past, but the condition is not expressed as being limited to the past, the condition clause is expressed as in the second conditional (past, but not past perfect), while the main clause is in the conditional perfect as in the third conditional:

If we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that.

Other variations on the respective clause patterns are possible, as used accordingly in the second and third conditionals.

Use of will and would in condition clauses

As noted above regarding the Template:S/c, will (or shall) is not normally used to mark future time reference in a condition clause; instead an ordinary present tense is used:

If she wins (not: will win) tomorrow, I'll eat my hat.

However there are certain situations where will can appear in a condition clause. One type of situation is referred to above under Template:S/c, where will expresses futurity, but the sentence as a whole expresses factual implication rather than a potential future circumstance: "If aspirins will cure it, I'll take a couple tonight" (the taking is not a consequence of the curing, but a consequence of the expectation that they will cure).

More commonly, will appears used in condition clauses where it has a modal meaning, rather than marking the future. (See uses of will.) Relevant meanings include willingness or persistence:[1][2][unreliable source?]

If you will excuse me, I think I will slip into something more comfortable. (willingness)
If you will keep all the windows shut, of course you'll get headaches. (persistence)

In the second sentence will is stressed, and cannot be contracted to 'll.

Similarly, would is not generally used in the condition clauses of the counterfactual patterns (second and third conditional) in standard English:

If I knew (not: would know) him, I would talk to him.
If you had written (not: would have written), it would have put my mind at rest.

However, some varieties of English regularly use would (contracted to 'd) and would have ('d have) in counterfactual condition clauses, although this is often considered non-standard:

If you'd leave (standard: you left) now, you'd be on time.
If you'd have told (standard: you had told) me, we could've done something about it.

Such use of would is widespread especially in spoken American English in all sectors of society. It is not usually found in more formal writing; however some sources describe it as acceptable US English, no longer labeling it colloquial.[3][4]

There are also cases where would can appear in the condition clause in British English too, but these can be considered to be modal uses of would, indicating willingness:

If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something.[5][6][unreliable source?]

Also, in cases where the event of the if-clause follows that of the main clause, use of would in the if-clause is standard usage (this is similar to the aspirin example given above for will):

If it would make Bill happy, I would give him the money.[5]

Would like and could are sometimes used in condition clauses for politeness:

I'll make a pot of tea if you would like some.
Please help Mrs Brown if you could.

For the use of should in future condition clauses, see under Template:S/c.

Inversion in condition clauses

Certain condition clauses (if-clauses) can be cast without any conjunction such as if or unless, instead using subject–auxiliary inversion to indicate their meaning.

The principal constructions are as follows:

  • In the Template:S/c (where the condition clause expresses a possible future condition), inversion can be applied to the form of the condition clause constructed using should:
If you feel hungry, ... (usual condition clause; present tense with future meaning)
If you should feel hungry, ... (should form of the condition clause)
Should you feel hungry, ... (inverted form)
  • In the Template:S/c (where the condition clause expresses a counterfactual present/future condition; this may also occur in the Template:S/c), inversion is possible in the case where the verb is were – the past subjunctive:
If she were here, ... (usual condition clause)
Were she here, ...(inverted form)
  • As a special case of the above, when a condition clause based on a different verb (normally with hypothetical future reference) is formulated using the were to construction, inversion is again possible (provided were and not was is used):
If you shot, ... (usual condition clause; past tense)
If you were to shoot, ... (were to construction)
Were you to shoot, ... (inverted form)
  • In the Template:S/c (where the condition clause expresses a counterfactual past condition; this may also occur in the mixed conditional), the condition clause formed with the auxiliary had can be inverted:
If he had written, ... (usual condition clause; past perfect)
Had he written, ... (inverted form)

Inversion is also possible when the present subjunctive be is used (e.g. "Be he called on by God..." for "If he be called on by God..."), but this is archaic usage for condition clauses; it is still occasionally found in dependent clauses expressing "no matter whether ...", e.g. "Be they friend or foe ..." (equivalent to "Whether they be friend or foe ..."). For similar examples see English subjunctive.

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference lingua_org_uk_eqa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ wordreference.com: single forum post To stress willingness or wish, you can use would or will in both clauses of the same sentence: If the band would rehearse more, they would play better. If the band will rehearse more, they will play better. Both mean the same. (based on the examples and explanations from Practical English Usage, Michael Swan, Oxford)
  3. ^ perfectyourenglish.com: Learn English - Writing - American and British English - Differences in usage "Conditional would is sometimes used in both clauses of an if-sentence. This is common in spoken American English."
  4. ^ Pearson Longman, Longman Exams Dictionary, grammar guide: It is possible to use would in both clauses in US English but not in British English: US: The blockades wouldn't happen if the police would be firmer with the strikers. Br: The blockades wouldn't happen if the police were firmer with the strikers.
  5. ^ a b The English-Learning and Languages Review, "Questions and Answers". Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  6. ^ forum.wordreference.com: To stress willingness or wish, you can use would or will in both clauses of the same sentence: If the band would rehearse more, they would play better. If the band will rehearse more, they will play better. Both mean the same. (based on the examples and explanations from Practical English Usage, Michael Swan, Oxford)