Enindhilyagwa language

Enindhilyagwa
Spoken in	Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory, Australia
Native speakers	>1,000  (date missing)
Language family	Language isolate
Language codes
ISO 639-3	aoi

Enindhilyagwa (several other names; see below) is an Australian language isolate spoken by the Warnindhilyagwa people on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia. A 2001 Australian government study identified more than one thousand speakers of the language, although there are reports of as many as three thousand. In 2008, it was cited in a study on whether humans had an innate ability to count without having words for numbers. While the Enindhilyagwa language traditionally had terms for numbers up to twenty, these are no longer known to younger speakers.

Names

Spellings of the name include:

• Andiljangwa
• Andilyaugwa
• Anindilyakwa (used by Ethnologue)
• Aninhdhilyagwa (used by R. M. W. Dixon's Australian Languages)
• Enindiljaugwa
• Enindhilyagwa
• Wanindilyaugwa

It also known as Groote Eylandt, after its location. Another name is Ingura or Yingguru.

Classification

Although sometimes grouped with the Gunwinyguan languages (in a branch with Ngandi and Nunggubuyu in the classification of Ethnologue), Enindhilyagwa has not been shown to be related to other Australian languages, and recent attempts by Nicholas Evans at reducing the number of language families in Australia have left it as an isolate.

Phonology

Vowels

The analysis of Enindhilyagwa's vowels is open to interpretation. Stokes (1981) analyses it as having four phonemic vowels, /i e a u/. Leeding (1989) analyses it as having just two, /ɨ a/.

Consonants

	Peripheral			Laminal		Apical
	Bilabial	Velar		Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex
		Unrounded	Rounded
Stop	p	k	kʷ	c	t̪	t	ʈ
Nasal	m	ŋ	ŋʷ	ɲ	n̪	n	ɳ
Lateral				ʎ	l̪		(ɭ)
Rhotic						r	ɻ
Semivowel			w	j

Phonotactics

All Enindhilyagwa words end in a vowel. Clusters of up to three consonants can occur within words.

Grammar

Noun classes

Enindhilyagwa has five noun classes, or genders, each marked by a prefix:

• Human male
• Non-human male
• Female (human or non-human)
• Inanimate "lustrous", with the prefix a-.
• Inanimate "non-lustrous", with the prefix mwa-.

For bound pronouns, instead of "human male" and "non-human male" classes there is a single "male" class.

All native nouns carry a class prefix, but some loanwords may lack them.

Numerals

According to Stokes (1982) the language traditionally had numerals up to twenty but since the introduction of English, English words are now used almost exclusively for numbers above five.

Sources

• Leeding, V. J. (1989). Anindilyakwa phonology and morphology. PhD dissertation. University of Sydney. 
• Leeding, V. J. (1996). "Body parts and possession in Anindilyakwa". In Chappell, H. and McGregor, W.. The grammar of inalienability: a typological perspective on body part terms and the part-whole relation. Berlin: Mounton de Gruyter. pp. 193–249. 
• Stokes, J. (1981). "Anindilyakwa phonology from phoneme to syllable". In Waters, B.. Australian phonologies: collected papers. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch. pp. 138–81. 
• Stokes, J. (1982). "A description of the mathematical concepts of Groote Eylandt Aborigines". In Hargrave, S.. Work Papers of SIL-AAB: Language and Culture. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch. pp. 33–152. 

Example

This song is a translation of the church song "This is the day", sung by the local churchgoers in the community of Angurugu. The spelling and translation requires confirmation.

Anindilyakwa	Approximate translation
Mema mamawurra Ngumanekburrakama God Narriyekiyerra, Akuwerikilyelyingmajungwuna Narriyekiyerra Akuwerikilyelyingmajungwuna	This day Made by God We will rejoice and be glad in it This is the day made by God We will rejoice in it

External links

• Enindhilyagwa language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
• Entries for Enindhilyagwa from Rosetta Project, stored in the Internet Archive
• State of Indigenous Languages in Australia (2001). Department of the Environment and Heritage.