Epitope mapping
Epitope mapping is the process of identifying the binding sites, or ‘epitopes’, of antibodies on their target antigens (which are proteins).
Identification and characterization of the binding sites of antibodies can aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics.[1][2]
Epitopes (the binding sites on the protein) can be divided into linear and conformational. Linear epitopes are formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein, while conformational epitopes are composed of amino acids that are discontinuous in the protein sequence but are brought together upon three-dimensional protein folding. The vast majority of antigen-antibody interactions have conformational epitopes.[3]
[edit] Methods for epitope mapping
Epitope mapping of complex target antigens, such as integral membrane proteins or multi-subunit proteins, is often challenging because of the difficulty in expressing and purifying these types of antigens.
There are several methods available for mapping antibody epitopes on target antigens :
- The gold standard approach is X-ray co-crystallography, which allows direct visualization of the interaction between the antigen and antibody. However, this approach is technically challenging, requires large amounts of purified protein, and can be time-consuming and expensive.
- Array-based oligo-peptide scanning (sometimes called pepscan analysis): This technique uses a library of oligo-peptide sequences from overlapping and non-overlapping segments of a target protein and tests for their ability to bind the antibody of interest. This method is fast and relatively inexpensive, and specifically suited to profile epitopes for large number of candidate antibodies against a defined target. By combining non-adjacent peptide sequences from different parts of the target protein and enforcing conformational rigidity onto this combined peptide (such as by using CLIPS scaffolds[4]), discontinuous epitopes can be mapping with very high reliability and precision.[5]
- Site-directed mutagenesis : Using this approach, systematic mutations of amino acids are introduced into a protein sequence followed by measurement of antibody binding in order to identify amino acids that comprise an epitope. This technique can be used to map both linear and conformational epitopes, but is labor-intensive and slow, typically limiting analysis to a small number of amino acid residues.
- Mutagenesis Mapping.[6] This approach utilizes a comprehensive mutation library, with each clone containing a unique amino acid mutation and the entire library covering every amino acid in the target protein. Amino acids that are required for antibody binding can be identified by a loss of reactivity and mapped onto protein structures to visualize epitopes.[7] This approach has recently been used to epitope map a panel of antibodies against human CCR5, a GPCR coreceptor for HIV entry.[8]
- Other methods, such as phage display, and limited proteolysis, provide high throughput but lack reliability, especially for conformational epitopes.[3]
[edit] References
- ^ Gershoni, JM et al. (2007). Epitope mapping: the first step in developing epitope-based vaccines. BioDrugs. 21(3): 145-56 [1]
- ^ Westwood MR., Hay. FC. (2001). Epitope Mapping: a practical approach. Oxford, Oxfordshire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-963652-4
- ^ a b "Mapping Epitopes with H/D-Ex Mass Spec". 2011. http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/mapping-epitopes-with-h-d-ex-mass-spec/3663/.
- ^ Timmerman P, et al (2009). Functional Reconstruction of Structurally Complex Epitopes using CLIPS™ Technology. Open Vaccine Journal, 2, 56:67 DOI: 10.2174/1875035401002010056
- ^ Niederfellner G, et al (2011). Epitope characterization and crystal structure of GA101 provide insights into the molecular basis for type I/II distinction of CD20 antibodies. 2011 118:219-220; doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-346700
- ^ http://www.integralmolecular.com/download/INTG-AN-Shotgun%20Mutagenesis.pdf
- ^ Banik, SR, Doranz, BJ. (2010). “Mapping complex antibody epitopes”. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. 3(2): pp.25-28 [2]
- ^ Paes C et al. (2009). Atomic-level mapping of antibody epitopes on a GPCR. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 May 27;131(20):6952-4. ([3]
