Etoposide
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-[4,6-O-(R)-ethylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside], 4' -(dihydrogen phosphate) | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Etopophos |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a684055 |
| Pregnancy cat. | D (AU) D (US) |
| Legal status | POM (UK) ℞-only (US) |
| Routes | Oral, intravenous |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Highly variable, 25 to 75% |
| Protein binding | 97% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (CYP3A4 involved) |
| Half-life | Oral: 6 h., IV: 6-12 h., IV in children: 3 h. |
| Excretion | Renal and fecal |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 33419-42-0  |
| ATC code | L01CB01 |
| PubChem | CID 36462 |
| DrugBank | DB00773 |
| ChemSpider | 33510 |
| UNII | 6PLQ3CP4P3 |
| KEGG | D00125 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:4911 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL44657 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C29H32O13 |
| Mol. mass | 588.557 g/mol |
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Etoposide, etoposide phosphate or VP-16 (current brand name: Etopophos, according to FDA Orange Book) is a cytotoxic agent (anticancer drug), which belongs to the drug type topoisomerase inhibitor.
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Background [edit]
Etoposide was first synthesised in 1966, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval was granted in 1983.[1] Its chemical make-up derives from podophyllotoxin, a toxin found in the American Mayapple.
The nickname VP-16 likely comes from a compounding of the last name of the chemists who performed early work on the drug (von Wartburg and von Kuhn) and podophyllotoxin.[2] Another scientist who was integral in the development of podophyllotoxin-based chemotherapeutics was the medical pharmacologist Hartmann F. Stähelin.
Mechanism of action [edit]
Etoposide forms a ternary complex with DNA and the topoisomerase II enzyme (which aids in DNA unwinding), prevents re-ligation of the DNA strands, and by doing so causes DNA strands to break. Cancer cells rely on this enzyme more than healthy cells, since they divide more rapidly. Therefore, this causes errors in DNA synthesis and promotes apoptosis of the cancer cell.[1][3]
Use [edit]
Etoposide is used as a form of chemotherapy for cancers such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, nonlymphocytic leukemia, and glioblastoma multiforme. It is often given in combination with other drugs (such as bleomycin in treating testicular cancer). It is also sometimes used in a conditioning regimen prior to a bone marrow or blood stem cell transplant.[1]
Administration [edit]
It is given intravenously or orally in capsule form. If the drug is given by IV, it must be done slowly over a 30- to 60-minute period because it can lower blood pressure as it is being administered. Blood pressure is checked often during infusing, with the speed of administration adjusted accordingly.
In general, patients are advised to call their doctor in case of fever, symptoms of infection, or painful injection sites, as these may progress severely without adequate medical attention.[4]
Patients are advised to drink large amounts of fluids after treatment to prevent damage to the bladder and kidneys, typically 1.5 to 3.5 liters of water on the day of treatment and for several days after.
Side-effects [edit]
Common are:
- low blood pressure
- hair loss
- pain and or burning at the IV site
- constipation or diarrhea
- metallic food taste
- Bone marrow suppression, leading to:
- decreased white blood cell counts (leading to increased susceptibility to infections)
- low red blood cell counts (anemia)
- low platelet counts (leading to easy bruising and bleeding)
Less common are:
- nausea and vomiting
- allergic-type reactions
- rash
- fever, often occurring shortly after IV administration and not due to infection
- mouth sores
- Acute myeloid leukemia (which ironically can be treated with etoposide itself)
Besides, when given with warfarin, it may cause bleeding. [4]
References [edit]
- ^ a b c Hande, K. R. (1998). "Etoposide: Four decades of development of a topoisomerase II inhibitor". European Journal of Cancer 34 (10): 1514–1521. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00228-7. PMID 9893622.
- ^ Kuhn M, Von Wartbung A (1967). "Podophyllum- Lignane: Struktur und Absolutkonfiguration von Podorhizol-β-D-glucosid ( = Lignan F). 19. Mitt. über mitosehemmende Naturstoffe [1]". Helvetica Chimica Acta 50 (6): 1546–65. doi:10.1002/hlca.19670500614.
- ^ Gordaliza M, García PA, del Corral JM, Castro MA, Gómez-Zurita MA (2004). "Podophyllotoxin: distribution, sources, applications and new cytotoxic derivatives". Toxicon 44 (4): 441–59. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.008. PMID 15302526.
- ^ a b Longe, Jacqueline L. (2002). Gale Encyclopedia Of Cancer: A Guide To Cancer And Its Treatments. Detroit: Thomson Gale. p. 397-399. ISBN 978-1-4144-0362-5.
External links [edit]
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