Etymological dictionary

An etymological dictionary discusses the etymology of the words listed. Often, large dictionaries, such as the OED and Webster's, will contain some etymological information, without aspiring to focus on etymology.

Etymological dictionaries are the product of research in historical linguistics. For a large number of words in any language, the etymology will be uncertain, disputed, or simply unknown. In such cases, depending on the space available, an etymological dictionary will present various suggestions and perhaps make a judgement on their likelihood, and provide references to a full discussion in specialist literature.

The tradition of compiling "derivations" of words is pre-modern, found for example in Indian (nirukta), Arabic (al-ištiqāq) and also in Western tradition (in works such as the Etymologicum Magnum). Etymological dictionaries in the modern sense, however, appear only in the late 18th century (with 17th-century predecessors such as Vossius' 1662 Etymologicum linguae Latinae or Stephen Skinner's 1671 Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae), with the understanding of sound laws and language change and their production was an important task of the "golden age of philology" in the 19th century.

Notable examples

• English language
  • Hoad, T.F., The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford, Oxford University Press (1986).
  • George William Lemon the English etymologist and author of A derivative dictionary of the English language: in two alphabets, tracing the etymology of those English words, that are derived I. From the Greek, and Latin languages; II. From the Saxon, and other Northern tongues. London, Printed for G. Robinson (1783).
  • Eric Partridge, Origins: A short etymological dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich House (1958, 1959, 1961, 1966, 2008).
• Dravidian languages (Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Brahui et al.)
• Finnish
  • Suomen sanojen alkuperä – The Origin of Finnish Words (first volume, A—K 1992; second volume, L—P 1995; third volume, R—Ö 2000), Helsinki, Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus and Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
• German language
  • Friedrich Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (first edn. 1883, 21st edn. 1975).
• Indo-Aryan languages
  • Manfred Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (1986–2001)
• Old Irish
  • Sanas Cormaic, encyclopedic dictionary, 9th or 10th century
  • Joseph Vendryes, Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien (first volume 1959; still incomplete), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies and CNRC Éditions, Paris.
• Old Prussian
  • Vytautas Mažiulis, Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas (1988–1997), Vilnius.
• Icelandic language
  • Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon, Íslensk orðsifjabók
• Polish language
  • Aleksander Brückner, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, first edition, Kraków, Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1927 (9th edition, Warsaw, Wiedza Powszechna, 2000).
  • Wiesław Boryś,"Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego", first edition, Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2005
• Portuguese
  • Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa has much etymological information.
• Proto-Indo-European language
  • Carl Darling Buck, A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages, University of Chicago Press, 1949 (paperback edition 1988).
• Scots language
  • John Jamieson, An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1808), revised 1879–97
• Slovene
  • France Bezlaj "Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, SAZU, Lublana 1977" (ISBN 86-11-14125-3), COBISS 10028033
  • Marko Snoj "Slovenski etimološki slovar, Založba Modrijan, Lublana 2003" (ISBN 961-6465-37-6), COBISS 124973312
• Spanish
  • Guido Gómez de Silva "Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española" (ISBN 968-16-2812-8)
• Turkish
  • Clauson, Gerard Leslie Makins, Sir; "An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish", Oxford University Press, London, 1972.

Online etymological dictionaries

Indo-European languages

• [1] – Ancient Greek Etymological Dictionary by H. Frisk
• [2] – Indo-European Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [3] – Gaelic Etymological Dictionary by A. MacBain
• [4] – Gothic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki
• [5] – Nepali Etymological Dictionary by R. L. Turner
• [6] – Romanian Etymological Dictionary
• [7] – Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer, Heidelberg (1962), 4 volumes
• [8] – Swedish Etymological Dictionary by Elof Hellquist

Afroasiatic languages

• [9] – Afroasiatic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [10] – Arabic Etymological Dictionary by Andras Rajki
• [11] – Hebrew Etymological Dictionary by Isaac Fried

Altaic languages

• [12] – Altaic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [13] – Chuvash Etymological Dictionary by M. R. Fedotov
• [14] – Gagauz Etymological Dictionary
• [15] – Mongolian Etymological Dictionary
• [16] – Turkish Etymological Dictionary by Sevan Nişanyan "Sözlerin Soyağacı – Çağdaş Türkçe'nin Etimolojik Sözlüğü" (Third ed. Adam Y. Istanbul 2007)

Austronesian languages

• [17] – Indonesian Etymological Dictionary by S. M. Zain
• [18] – Maori Etymological Dictionary by E. Tregear
• [19] – Waray Etymological Dictionary

Bantu languages

• [20] – Bantu Etymological Dictionary
• [21] – Swahili Etymological Dictionary

Creole languages and conlangs

• [22] – Tok Pisin Etymological Dictionary by F. Mihalic
• [23] – Morisyen Etymological Dictionary
• [24] – Esperanto Etymological Dictionary

Uralic languages

• [25] – Uralic Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [26] – Finnish Etymological Dictionary
• [27] – Saami Etymological Dictionary

Other languages and language families

• [28] – Basque Etymological Dictionary based on the works of L. Trask
• [29] – Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T. Burrow
• [30] – Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary by G. A. Klimov
• [31] – Mayan Etymological Dictionary by T. Kaufman and J. Justeson
• [32] – Munda Etymological Dictionary by D. Stampe & al.
• [33] – North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [34] – Thai Etymological Dictionary by M. Haas
• South Dravidian Etymological Dictionary

External links

• Etymological Bibliography of Take Our Word For It, the only Weekly Word-origin Webzine
• Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IEED) at Leiden University
• Internet Archive Search: Etymological Dictionary Etymological Dictionaries in English at the Internet archive
• Internet Archive Search: Etymologisches Wörterbuch Etymological Dictionaries in German at the Internet archive
• Online Etymology Dictionary (see also its Wikipedia article)
• Open Directory - Reference: Dictionaries: Etymology at the Open Directory Project