Eurasian backflow
The term Eurasian backflow has been used for a recent migration of humans from western Eurasia back to East Africa, about 3,000 years ago.[1] Homo sapiens had left Africa about 70-50,000 years ago,[2][3][4] and about 3,000 years ago farmers from Anatolia and the Near East migrated back to the Horn of Africa. Signs of this migration can be found in the genomes of contemporary people from all over East Africa.[1][5]
The people migrating back to Africa were closely related to the Neolithic farmers who had brought agriculture from the Near East to Europe about 7,000 years ago. This population is also closely related to present-day Sardinians.[1] A study from 2020 inferred two sources for the spread of Eurasian admixture in Northeastern Africa, with one associated with pastoralism. The initial phase was 6-5 kya, involving groups originating from the Levant and North Africa that gave rise to the Pastoral Neolithic.[6] Further studies have shown that the back-migration(s) into the region was a complex process, identifying multiple origins for the Eurasian component in Northeast African groups today.[7]
A report in November 2015 on a 4,500 year old Ethiopian genome[8][9] had originally overestimated the genetic influence of the Eurasian backflow, claiming that signs of the migration could be found in genomes all over Africa. This mistaken claim was based on a data processing error and was corrected in February 2016. The West Asian admixture was only predominant in the populations of the Horn of Africa, in particular Ethiopian highlanders.[5]
References
- ^ a b c "Ancient genome from Africa sequenced for the first time". Popular Archeology. 8 October 2015.
- ^ Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, et al. (2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe". Current Biology. 26 (6): 827–833. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037. hdl:2440/114930. PMID 26853362.
- ^ Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–66. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
- ^ Haber M, Jones AL, Connell BA, Arciero E, Yang H, Thomas MG, et al. (August 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.
- ^ a b "Error found in study of first ancient African genome". Nature News & Comment. 29 January 2016.
- ^ Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (2020-06-01). "African population history: an ancient DNA perspective". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008. ISSN 0959-437X.
- ^ Hammarén, Rickard; Goldstein, Steven T.; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2022-08-28). "Eurasian back-migrations into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process": 2022.08.27.505526. doi:10.1101/2022.08.27.505526v1.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Callaway, Ewen (2015-10-08). "First ancient African genome reveals vast Eurasian migration". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18531. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M. (2015-11-13). "Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa". Science. 350 (6262): 820–822. doi:10.1126/science.aad2879. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26449472.