Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training  
Hardcover Edition
Book cover, 1990 ed.
Author(s) Jeffrey D. Fisher
Roxane Cohen Silver
Jack M. Chinsky
Barry Goff
Yechiel Klar
Country United States
Language English
Series Recent research in psychology
Subject(s) Large Group Awareness Training
Genre(s) Psychology
Publisher Springer-Verlag
Publication date 1990
Media type Hardcover
Pages 142
ISBN 0387973206
OCLC Number 21563816
Dewey Decimal 302
LC Classification HM134 .E93 1990

Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training: A Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Effects is a non-fiction psychology book on Large Group Awareness Training, published in 1990 by Springer-Verlag. The book was co-authored by psychologists Jeffrey D. Fisher, Roxane Cohen Silver, Jack M. Chinsky, Barry Goff, and Yechiel Klar. The book was based on a psychological study of "The Forum", a course at the time run by Werner Erhard and Associates, the company that commissioned the research. Werner Erhard and Associates financed the study, providing US$88,000 in funding for research of its program. Results of the study were published in two articles in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 1989 and 1990. Fisher and co-authors gave initial context for the study, providing analysis and discussion of academic literature in psychology regarding Large Group Awareness Training.

The psychologists analyzed whether Large Group Awareness Training could be classified as psychotherapy, and attempted to determine whether these techniques are harmful, beneficial, or produce no effects to an individual's mental health. Participants included individuals that took part in a 1985 program of "The Forum" in the Northeastern United States. They were told they were participating in a "Quality of Life" study, and were instructed to fill out surveys about their experiences at time intervals prior to and after the program's completion. The sample size included 83 participants in the program, as well as an additional 52 sample groups of individuals that did not participate in "The Forum". The psychologists concluded that the Large Group Awareness Training program did not have lasting positive or negative effects on self-perception.

The study reported in Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training was well received by the authors' peers; and garnered recognition from the American Psychological Association with its 1989 "National Psychological Consultants to Management Award". Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases characterized the study as, "One of the few careful attempts to study Erhard's techniques in a rigorous fashion".[1] The Group in Society, published in 2009, characterized the authors' research as "the most rigorous independent study to date" of Large Group Awareness Training.[2] The psychologists' research has been referenced in a 2005 study on Large Group Awareness Training published by the British Psychological Society, and a 2010 article in Nova Religio published by University of California Press.

Contents

[edit] Background

Werner Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg), a California-based former salesman, training manager and executive in the encyclopedia business,[3][4] created the Erhard Seminars Training (est) course in 1971.[5] "est" was generally referred to in all lower case letters,[6][7] upon request from the organization's followers and its founder.[8][9] est was a form of Large Group Awareness Training,[10][11] and was part of the Human Potential Movement.[12] est was a four-day, 60-hour self-help program given to groups of 250 people at a time.[13] The program was very intensive: each day would contain 15–20 hours of instruction.[12] During the training, est personnel utilized jargon to convey key concepts, and participants had to agree to certain rules which remained in effect for the duration of the course.[14] Participants were taught that they were responsible for their life outcomes, and were promised a dramatic change in their self-perception.[12]

est was controversial: critics characterized the training methods as brainwashing,[15][16][17][18] and suggested that the program had fascistic and narcissistic tendencies.[12] Proponents asserted that it had a profoundly positive impact on people's lives.[12] By 1977 over 100,000 people completed the est training, including public figures and mental health professionals.[12] In 1985, Werner Erhard and Associates repackaged the course as "The Forum", a seminar focused on "goal-oriented breakthroughs".[5] By 1988, approximately one million people had taken some form of the trainings.[5] In the early 1990s Erhard faced family problems, as well as tax problems that were eventually resolved in his favor.[5][19][20] A group of his associates formed the company Landmark Education in 1991, purchasing The Forum's course "technology" from Erhard.[5]

[edit] Authors

Jeffrey D. Fisher obtained his Ph.D. from Purdue University,[21] where he specialized in the study of social psychology.[22] He is a professor of psychology, at the University of Connecticut.[23] Fisher founded and serves as director of the Center for Health, Intervention, and Prevention (CHIP) at the University of Connecticut.[21] He is co-author of the book Environmental Psychology, with Paul A. Bell and Andrew Baum.[24]

Roxane Cohen Silver received her Ph.D. degree from Northwestern University.[25] In 1989, Silver worked in research at the University of California, Los Angeles.[26] Silver maintained a focus in the field of social psychology.[27] In 2006, she was a professor in the Department of Psychology and Social Behavior at the Department of Medicine at the University of California, Irvine.[28] Silver was recognized in 2007 with the American Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Service to Psychological Science.[29]

Jack M. Chinsky has worked as a professor of psychology at the University of Connecticut.[30] He specialized in the field of community psychology.[30] Chinsky maintained a focus on community relationships.[31] In 2005, Chinsky practiced clinical psychology in Connecticut, and was a professor emeritus at the University of Connecticut after teaching at the institution for 30 years.[32]

Barry Alan Goff graduated with a doctorate in social psychology, and was an instructor at the University of Connecticut in its graduate program for adult educators.[33] Goff obtained masters degrees in counseling psychology, and American literature.[34] He is the author of Social Support Among Best Friends.[35] He has worked in the field of consulting, with a focus in workforce performance and customer satisfaction.[33] Goff consulted for the United States Department of Labor in these areas, and advised in developing performance management systems for the Connecticut Department of Labor, the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky.[33]

Yechiel Klar obtained B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Tel Aviv University.[36] He became a faculty member of the Department of Psychology at Tel Aviv University in 1990, and later was selected for the position of Senior Lecturer at the university.[36] Klar has taught in the capacity of visiting professor at the University of Connecticut, Lehigh University, University of Kansas, and Carleton University.[36] He is an editor of Self Change: Social Psychological and Clinical Perspectives.[37]

[edit] Study arrangements

The book was based on a psychological study of "The Forum", a course at the time run by Werner Erhard and Associates, the company that commissioned the research.[2][10] The results of the research study itself had been previously published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 1989, by Fisher, et al.,[38] and in 1990 in the same journal by Klar, et al.[39]

The study was conducted under an agreement between Werner Erhard and Associates and the researchers,[2] which gave the researchers independence in research methods.[10] The agreement itself is attached as an appendix to the work, and states: "The Forum Sponsor agrees to arrange for all payments for costs related to expenses in the following manner. The only specific fixed cost delineated by this agreement was "..piloting experimental procedures and developing a full proposal for subsequent research..", which was USD$88,000.[10]

Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training provides a historical analysis of the research published in academic journals and books prior to the publication of the study.[10] Notable studies analyzed and put into a methodological context by Fisher et al. included those of Cinnamon,[40] Rome,[41] Brewer,[42] Conway,[43] Glass,[44] Kirsch,[45] Baer,[46] Berger,[47] Beit-Hallahmi,[48] and Lieberman.[49][50]

[edit] Methods

The book analyzed whether Large Group Awareness Training could be classified as psychotherapy, and attempted to determine whether these techniques are harmful, beneficial, or produce no effects to an individual's mental health.[10] Participants were told that the psychologists were studying the "Quality of Life" in North America.[10] These participants included men and women that had attended Werner Erhard and Associates' "The Forum" seminar in 1985, in a large city in the northeastern United States.[10] Participants in the study were split into Group 1 and Group 2.[10] Group 1 was told to fill out a questionnaire both prior to and after completing their "Forum".[10] Group 2 was told only to fill out the questionnaire after completing their Forum course.[10]

The sample size included 83 individuals who had taken part in "The Forum", as well as an additional 52 sample groups for comparison, composed of individuals who had similar baseline characteristics to the sample Forum participants, but had not taken part in the course.[2] The belief systems and characteristics of the participants were studied by Fisher and his team of psychologists four to six weeks before they took part in the course, four to six weeks after completing the course, and then again at a period 18 months after finishing the course.[2] Qualities examined by Fisher were based upon the purported benefits, and included character traits, physical and emotional health, social competence, self-esteem, and life satisfaction.[2]

[edit] Conclusions

Fisher and co-authors concluded that attending The Forum had minimal lasting effects, positive or negative, on participants' self-perception.[10] They briefly discussed potential negative and positive effects of attending The Forum.[10] The psychologists did not find any negative effects on the test subjects that participated in their study.[10] In an analysis of the possible positive outcomes, they found that subjects "became more internally oriented".[10] A significant small increase in short term perception by individuals that they maintained control over their lives was observed – this is referred to in psychology as internal locus of control.[2]

The researchers found that subjects had some minor short-term positive effects perceived from the Large Group Awareness Training, but no noticeable longer term effects, stating: "In fact, with the exception of the short-term multivariate results for Perceived Control, there was no appreciable effect on any dimension which could reflect positive change."[10] After the participants returned for the 18-month follow-up analysis, the results revealed that the small increase in perception of control by the individuals had disappeared.[2]

[edit] Reception

The research reported in Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training garnered the American Psychological Association's "National Psychological Consultants to Management Award", in 1989.[10] Writing in their 1994 book, Handbook of Group Psychotherapy, authors Addie Fuhriman and Gary M. Burlingame cited the Fisher study, and compared it to a study of another Large Group Awareness Training organization called Lifespring.[51] The authors observed that "Fisher et al. reported no systematic changes in self-esteem compared to their control group."[51] Handbook of Group Psychotherapy recommended the study, "For a more detailed review of the LGAT literature".[51] The "bulk of evidence" presented in a section of the Handbook of Group Psychotherapy discussing est relied upon results from the Fisher study.[51]

"One of the few careful attempts to study Erhard's techniques in a rigorous fashion"

 —Ethics in Psychology[52]

Authors Gerald P. Koocher and Patricia Keith-Spiegel cited the study in their 1998 book, Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases.[1] They characterized the study as, "One of the few careful attempts to study Erhard's techniques in a rigorous fashion".[1] Koocher and Keith Spiegel noted that the Fisher study, "showed no long-term treatment effects and concluded that claims of far-reaching effects for programs of the Forum were found to be exaggerated."[1]

In a discussion of Werner Erhard's programs in his 2003 book, Psychological Foundations of Success, author Stephen J. Kraus cited the Fisher study and contrasted conclusions from it with stated results from course participants.[52] Kraus wrote, "People who attend est or the Landmark Forum generally report positive benefits from the experience, but a study that compared attendees with a control group of non-attendees suggests that the seminar produces only a short-term boost in locus of control, and no measurable long-term effects."[52]

Writing in the 2006 book, Help at Any Cost, author Maia Szalavitz referenced the Fisher study in a discussion of the phenomenon of testimonials regarding perceived outcomes by participants from taking part in Large Group Awareness Training.[53] Szalavitz noted, "The little research conducted on the outcomes of these seminars doesn't even find them effective at prompting positive change. Most participants find the experience profoundly moving — and many people believe that such an emotionally intense event must necessarily produce psychological improvement. Consequently, an overwhelming majority of participants, when surveyed afterward, say their lives were changed for the better. However, several studies (including one of Lifespring) have found that while participants say their LGAT experiences improve their lives, there was no positive effect, or a small, short-lived one, on their actual psychological problems and behavior."[53]

In the 2009 book The Group in Society, author John Gastil discussed Large Group Awareness Training programs including Erhard Seminars Training (est), Lifespring, and "The Forum", and wrote, "In the most rigorous independent study to date, a team of researchers led by psychologist Jeffrey Fisher obtained permission to study the impact of participation in a training process sponsored by Werner Erhard and Associates."[2] Gastil noted, "In the short term, average Forum participants experienced a small but significant increase in their sense that the course of their life was under their own control — what psychologists call an 'internal locus of control.' In the eighteen month follow-up, however, even this slight boost had disappeared and no other changes emerged. This suggests that even when participants subjectively sense self-transformation through a group process such as the Forum, one may not actually have occurred."[2]

The book was referenced in a college-level psychology course, "Developmental Effects of Participation in a Large Group Awareness Training", at the University of Minnesota.[54] A 2005 study published by the British Psychological Society which analyzed the Landmark Forum course cited Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training for background on the Large Group Awareness Training phenomenon,[55] as did a 2010 study in Nova Religio published by University of California Press.[56]

[edit] See also

Portal icon Books portal
Portal icon Psychology portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d Koocher, Gerald P.; Patricia Keith-Spiegel (1998). Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0195092015. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gastil, John (2009). The Group in Society. Sage Publications, Inc. pp. 228–229. ISBN 1412924685. 
  3. ^ Bartley, William Warren (1978). Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST. Clarkson Potter. pp. 84, 90. ISBN 0-517-53502-5. 
  4. ^ Pressman, Steven (1993). Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 5–7, 140–141. ISBN 0-312-09296-2. OCLC 27897209. 
  5. ^ a b c d e Hukill, Tracy (July 9, 1998). "The est of Friends: Werner Erhard's protégés and siblings carry the torch for a '90s incarnation of the '70s 'training' that some of us just didn't get". Metro Silicon Valley (Metro Newspapers). http://www.metroactive.com/landmark/landmark1-9827.html. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
  6. ^ Swatos, William H.; Peter Kivisto (1998). "est (The Forum)". Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. AltaMira Press. p. 167. ISBN 0761989560. 
  7. ^ Gordon, Suzanne (December 1978). "Where Erhard Launders the Money". Mother Jones Magazine 3 (10): 52. 
  8. ^ Koff, Stephen (May 1982). "Personal Therapy: est That You, Werner?". Cincinatti Magazine (Ohio) 15 (8): 14. 
  9. ^ Maberry, Jonathan; David F. Kramer (2007). The Cryptopedia: A Dictionary of the Weird, Strange, and Downright Bizarre. Citadel. p. 261. ISBN 0806528192. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. vii, 1–17, 19–33, 51, 56, 63–64, 80. ISBN 0387973206 
  11. ^ Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International) 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. 
  12. ^ a b c d e f McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est?". Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books 22 (6): pp. 459–460. 
  13. ^ Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review (The New York Times Company) 82: 25. 
  14. ^ Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): p. 821. 
  15. ^ Brewer, Mark (August 1975). "We're Gonna Tear You Down and Put You Back Together". Psychology Today. 
  16. ^ Lande, Nathaniel (October 1976). Mindstyles, Lifestyles: A Comprehensive Overview of Today's Life-changing Philosophies. Price/Stern/Sloan. pp. 135. ISBN 0843104147. 
  17. ^ Koocher, Gerald P.; Patricia Keith-Spiegel (1998). Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. Oxford University Press. pp. 111. ISBN 0195092015. 
  18. ^ Bardini, Thierry (2000). Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford University Press. pp. 205. ISBN 0804738718. 
  19. ^ Faltermayer, Charlotte (2001-06-24). "The Best Of Est?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101980316-138763,00.html. Retrieved 2007-09-28. 
  20. ^ "Leader of est movement wins $200,000 from IRS". Daily News of Los Angeles (Los Angeles, California). September 12, 1996. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEADER+OF+EST+MOVEMENT+WINS+$200,000+FROM+IRS.-a083966944. 
  21. ^ a b DiClemente, Ralph J.; Richard A. Crosby, Michelle C. Kegler (2009). Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research. Jossey-Bass. p. xxiii. ISBN 0470179139. 
  22. ^ Stout, Chris E. (2008). The New Humanitarians: Inspiration, Innovations, and Blueprints for Visionaries, Volume 1, Changing Global Health Inequities (Social and Psychological Issues: Challenges and Solutions. Praeger. p. 12. ISBN 0275997707. 
  23. ^ Dupuis, Mark A. (May 17, 1988). "AIDS 'spots' aimed at teenagers". United Press International (Hartford, Connecticut: UPI). 
  24. ^ Browne, Malcolm W (March 6, 1990). "Research On Noise Disappears In the Din". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): p. C1. 
  25. ^ Blumenthal, Jeremy A. (Spring, 2005). "Law and the Emotions: The Problems of Affective Forecasting". Indiana Law Journal (Indiana University) 80 (155). 
  26. ^ Goleman, Daniel (August 8, 1989). "New Studies Find Many Myths about Mourning". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): p. C1. 
  27. ^ Gillman, Todd J. (January 19, 1994). "Psychologists find fertile grounds for studies on stress". The Dallas Morning News: p. 15A. 
  28. ^ United States House of Representatives (November 10, 2005). "The Role of Social Science Research in Disaster Preparedness and Response". Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Research: Committee on Science: House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.: United States Congress): pp. 24–463PS; Serial No. 109–32. http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy24463.000/hsy24463_0.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-25. 
  29. ^ East Tennessee State University (April 27, 2009). "Trauma expert Silver to speak at East Tennessee State University on April 29". US Fed News (Johnson City, Tennessee). 
  30. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Jackie (November 13, 1994). "When a Crisis Is Personal, Everyone Reaches Out". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): p. 13CN. 
  31. ^ Campbell, Susan (February 14, 1997). "When gazing with lovestruck eyes, try to look past passion". Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut): p. E1. 
  32. ^ Spencer, Mark (October 31, 2005). "Major issues loom; New school board to face busy agenda". Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut): p. B.3. 
  33. ^ a b c "Staff Profiles; Barry A. Goff, Ph.D.". The Charter Oak Group (charteroakgroup.com). 2010. http://charteroakgroup.com/about/staff.shtml. Retrieved 2010-06-25. 
  34. ^ Gottlieb, Benjamin H. (1988). Marshaling Social Support: Formats, Processes, and Effects. Sage Publications, Inc. p. 334. ISBN 0803927169. 
  35. ^ Goff, Barry Alan (1988). Social Support Among Best Friends: Costs and Benefits to Relationship and Health. Connecticut: University of Connecticut. 
  36. ^ a b c Lehigh University (2010). "Yechiel Klar of Tel Aviv University Appointed Russell Berrie Visiting Professor at the Berman Center". Philip and Muriel Berman Center for Jewish Studies (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: www.lehigh.edu). http://www.lehigh.edu/~inber/klar.html. Retrieved 2010-06-25. 
  37. ^ Klar, Yechiel; Jeffrey D. Fisher, Jack M. Chinsky, Arie Nadler (1992). Self Change: Social Psychological and Clinical Perspectives. Springer. ISBN 0387978119. 
  38. ^ Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Silver, Chinsky, Goff, Klar, Zagieboylo (1989). "Psychological effects of participation in a large group awareness training". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (American Psychological Association) 57 (6): 747–755. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.57.6.747. ISSN 0022-006X. https://webfiles.uci.edu/rsilver/Fisher%20et%20al.,%20LGAT,%20JCCP%201989.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-25. 
  39. ^ Klar, Yechiel; et al. (February 1990). "Characteristics of Participants in a Large Group Awareness Training". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (American Psychological Association) 58 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.58.1.99. ISSN 0022-006X. PMID 2319051. https://webfiles.uci.edu/rsilver/Klar%20et%20al.%20JCCP%201990.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-25. 
  40. ^ Cinnamon, K.; D. Farson (1979). Cults and cons: The exploitation of the emotional growth consumer. Chicago: Nelson Hall. ISBN 0882294563. 
  41. ^ Rome, H.P.. "Limits of the human mind". Psychiatric Annals 7 (11): 11–32. 
  42. ^ Brewer, M.. "We're going to tear you down and put you back together". Psychology Today: 35–40, 82, 88–89.. 
  43. ^ Conway, Flo; Jim Siegelman (1979). Snapping. Philadelphia: Lippincott. ISBN 0440579708. 
  44. ^ Glass, L.L.; M.A. Kirsch, F.N. Parris (1977). "Psychiatric disturbances associated with Erhard Seminars Training: I. A report of cases". American Journal of Psychiatry 134 (3): 245–247. PMID 842699. 
  45. ^ Kirsch, M.A.; L.L. Glass. (1977). "Psychiatric disturbances associated with Erhard Seminars Training: 2. Additional cases and theoretical considerations". American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (11): 1254–1258. PMID 910977. 
  46. ^ Baer, D.M.; S.B. Stolz. "A description of the Erhard Seminars Training (est) in the terms of behavioral analysis". Behaviorism 6: 45–70. 
  47. ^ Berger, F.M.. "Awareness groups and psychiatry". Bioscience Communication 3: 89–98. 
  48. ^ Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1987). "The psychotherapy subculture: Practice and ideology". Social Science Information 26 (3): 475–492. doi:10.1177/053901887026003001. 
  49. ^ Lieberman, "Effects of Large Group Awareness Training on Participants' Psychiatric Status", American Journal of Psychiatry v 144 p 460-464, April 1987.
  50. ^ Finkelstein, P.; Wenegrat, B.; Yalom, I. (1982). "Large Group Awareness Training". Annual Review of Psychology (Calvin Perry Stone) 33: 515–539. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.002503. ISSN 0066-4308. 
  51. ^ a b c d Fuhriman, Addie; Gary M. Burlingame (1994). Handbook of Group Psychotherapy: An Empirical and Clinical Synthesis. Wiley. pp. 537, 539, 540, 544. ISBN 0471555924. 
  52. ^ a b c Kraus, Stephen J. (2003). Psychological Foundations of Success. Next Level Science. p. 235. ISBN 0972554017. 
  53. ^ a b Szalavitz, Maia (2006). Help at Any Cost. Riverhead Books. pp. 159, 318. ISBN 1594489106. 
  54. ^ Hughes, Steven J., "Developmental Effects of Participation in a Large Group Awareness Training", University of Minnesota, presented at "Educational, Instructional and School Psychology", Symposia: SY EDC (18) 4, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
  55. ^ Rubinstein, Gidi (2005). "Characteristics of participants in the Forum, psychotherapy clients, and control participants: A comparative study". Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (British Psychological Society) 78 (4): 481–492. doi:10.1348/147608305X42721. ISSN 1476-0835. PMID 16354440. 
  56. ^ Melchior, Sefi; Stephen Sharot (May 2010). "Landmark in Israel: Recruitment and Maintenance of Clients in a Human Potential Organization". Nova Religio (University of California Press) 13 (14): 61–83. doi:10.1525/nr.2010.13.4.61. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

  • Springer, Full citation of work, at official publisher's Web site.
Basic psychology
Psi
Applied psychology
Methodologies
Orientations
Eminent
psychologists
Lists
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evaluating_a_Large_Group_Awareness_Training&oldid=446013242"
Personal tools
Namespaces

Variants
Actions
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export