ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter with Europe’s entry, descent and landing demonstration vehicle |
|
| Operator | ESA and Russian Federal Space Agency |
|---|---|
| Major contractors | Thales Alenia Space |
| Mission type | Orbiter/carrier |
| Launch date | January 2016[1] |
| Launch vehicle | Proton rocket |
| Mission duration | 1 Mars year orbital science mission Telecom asset until 2022[2] |
| Satellite of | Mars |
| Orbital insertion date | October 2016 |
| Homepage | [2] |
| Mass | 3,130 kg (6,900 lb) |
| Power | 20m2 photovoltaic array (140 W) |
| Orbital elements | |
| Apoapsis | 400 km near-circular altitude |
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) is a collaborative proposal between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) to send a robotic orbiter-carrier to Mars in 2016 as part of the European-led ExoMars mission.[1][3]
The TGO would deliver the ExoMars EDM stationary lander and then proceed to map the sources of methane on Mars and other gases, and in doing so, help select the landing site for the ExoMars rover to be launched on 2018.
Contents |
History [edit]
Investigations with space and Earth-based observatories, have demonstrated the presence of small amounts of methane on the atmosphere of Mars that has been shown to vary with location and time.[4][5][6] This may indicate the presence of life on Mars, but may also be produced by a geochemical process, volcanic or hydrothermal activity.[7][8][9][10]
The challenge to discern the source of methane in the atmosphere of Mars, prompted the independent planning of two orbiters that would carry instruments in order to determine if its formation is of biological or geological origin,[11][12] as well as its decomposition products such as formaldehyde and methanol.
Attempted collaboration with NASA [edit]
NASA's Mars Science Orbiter (MSO) was originally envisioned in 2008 as an all NASA endeavor aiming for a late 2013 launch window.[13][14] NASA and ESA officials agreed to pool resources and technical expertise and collaborate to launch only one orbiter.[15] The agreement, called Mars Joint Exploration Initiative, was signed on July 2009 and proposed to utilize an Atlas rocket launcher instead of a Soyuz rocket, which significantly altered the technical and financial setting of the European ExoMars mission. Since the ExoMars rover was originally planned to be carried by the TGO, a prospective agreement would require that the rover lose enough weight to fit aboard the Atlas launch vehicle with NASA's orbiter.[16] Instead of reducing the rover's mass, it was nearly doubled when the mission was combined with other projects to a multi-spacecraft programme divided over two Atlas V-launches:[15][17][18] the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) was merged into the project, carrying a static meteorological lander slated for launch in 2016. The European orbiter would carry several instruments originally meant for NASA's MSO, so NASA scaled down the objectives and focused on atmosphere trace gases detection instruments for their incorporation in ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.[3][14][19]
Under the FY2013 Budget President Obama released on February 13, 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts in order to pay for the cost overruns of the James Webb Space Telescope.[20][21] With NASA's funding for this project completely cancelled, most of ExoMars' plans had to be restructured.[22]
Collaboration with Russia [edit]
On March 15, 2012, the ESA's ruling council announced it will press ahead with its ExoMars program in partnership with the Russian space agency (Roscosmos), which plans to contribute two heavy-lift Proton launch vehicles and an additional entry, descent and landing system to the 2018 mission.[23][24][25][26][27]
Current status [edit]
Under the collaboration proposal with Roscosmos, the ExoMars mission would be split into two parts: the orbiter/lander mission in 2016 that would include the TGO and a static lander build by ESA; this would be followed by the ExoMars rover mission in 2018 —also to be launched with a Russian Proton rocket.
One of the key issues is the ever shortening time window to get the 2016 orbiter ready for flight. Senior figures at ESA and Italian space manufacturer Thales Alenia Space (TAS) scheduled a meeting in late March 2012 to determine whether the preparation schedule is still feasible.[27] Assuming everyone agrees the goals can be achieved in the four years available, a full contract will be released to TAS in April to get the hardware built.[24][27] An ESA official stated that the mission is likely to be enhanced by the contribution of Russian science instruments that will fly on the TGO.[23]
Specifications [edit]
The proposed specifications are:[28]
- Dimensions
Central cylinder of 1.194 metres (3.92 ft) in diameter.
- Propulsion
Bi-propellant propulsion system with 424 N main engine; for Mars orbit insertion and manoeuvres.
- Power
20m2 solar arrays providing ~ 140 W power.
- Batteries
2 modules of Lithium-Ion batteries with ~ 5100 Wh/ 180 Ah total capacity; to cover eclipses during the nominal lifetime of the orbiter (until end 2022).
- Communication
- 2200 mm X-Band High Gain Antenna with a 2 axes pointing mechanism and 65 W RF TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier); for communication with Earth.
- Electra UHF-Band transceivers with a single helical antenna; for communication with surface assets (e.g. rovers, landers).
- Mass
3,130 kg (6,900 lb)
- Payload
115 kg up to 135.6 kilograms (299 lb) of science payload.
Science [edit]
The TGO would separate from the ExoMars stationary lander and provide it with telecommunication relay for 8 sols after landing. Then the TGO would aerobrake for seven months into a more circular orbit for science observations and would provide communications relay for the ExoMars rover to be launched in 2018, and would continue serving as a relay satellite for future landed missions until 2022.[2]
The mission would require detection, characterization of spatial and temporal variation, and localization of sources for a broad suite of atmospheric trace gases:
- Detection
Nature of the methane source requires measurements of a suite of trace gases in order to characterize potential biochemical and geochemical processes at work. The orbiter would require very high sensitivity to (at least) the following molecules and their isotopomers: water (H2O), hydroperoxyl (HO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), formaldehyde (H2CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3). Detection sensitivities would be of 1-10 parts per trillion.
- Characterization
- Spatial and temporal variability: Latitude-longitude coverage multiple times in a Mars year to determine regional sources and seasonal variations (reported to be large, but still controversial with present understanding of Mars gas-phase photochemistry.)
- Correlation of concentration observations with environmental parameters of temperature, dust and ice aerosols (potential sites for heterogeneous chemistry.)
- Localization
- Mapping of multiple tracers (e.g., aerosols, water vapor, CO, CH4) with different photochemical lifetimes and correlations helps constrain model simulations and points to source/sink regions.
- To achieve the spatial resolution required to localize sources might require tracing molecules at the ~1 part per billion concentration.
Payload [edit]
Like Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Trace Gas Orbiter would be a hybrid science-telecom orbiter. Development of the spacecraft's science instruments is well under way. Its maximum science payload mass is projected to be about 115 kg. The proposed payload instruments are:[2][19]
- MATMOS (Mars Atmosphere Trace Molecule Occultation Spectrometer): Solar occultation Fourier transform IR spectrometer
- NOMAD (High Resolution Solar Occultation and Nadir Spectrometer): Occultation + mapping IR, Vis/UV spectrometer
- EMCS (ExoMars Climate Sounder): Thermal IR spectrometer
- MAGIE (Mars Atmospheric Global Imaging Experiment): Wide-angle Vis/UV camera
- HiSCI (High Resolution Stereo Color Imager): High resolution, colour, stereo camera
- ACS spectrometer to study atmospheric gas composition[29]
- FREND: a neutron detector to study water distribution on the Mars surface[29]
Relay telecommunications [edit]
Due to the challenges of entry, descent, and landing, Mars landers are highly constrained in mass, volume, and power. For landed missions, this places severe constraints on antenna size and transmission power, which in turn greatly reduce direct-to-Earth communication capability in comparison to orbital spacecraft. As an example, the capability downlinks on Spirit and Opportunity have only 1/600th the capability of the Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter downlink. Relay communication addresses this problem by allowing Mars surface spacecraft to communicate using higher data rates over short-range links to nearby Mars orbiters, while the orbiter takes on the task of communicating over the long-distance link back to Earth. This relay strategy offers a variety of key benefits to Mars landers: increased data return volume, reduced energy requirements, reduced communications system mass, increased communications opportunities, robust critical event communications and in situ navigation aide.[30] NASA will provide an Electra telecommunications relay and navigation instrument to assure communications between probes and rovers on the surface of Mars and controllers on Earth.[31] The TGO would provide the EDM lander and ExoMars rover with telecommunication relay and would continue serving as a relay satellite for future landed missions until 2022.[2]
See also [edit]
- Mangalyaan Mars orbiter
- Mars Science Laboratory rover
- Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
References [edit]
- ^ a b "Mars Panel Meeting", Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Arizona State University, Tempe (USA): ESA, 10 September 2009, retrieved 2009-11-24
- ^ a b c d "2016 ESA/NASA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter", MEPAG June 2011, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, June 16, 2011, retrieved 2011-06-29 (PDF)
- ^ a b MEPAG Report to the Planetary Science Subcommittee Author: Jack Mustard, MEPAG Chair. July 9, 2009 (pp. 3)
- ^ Mars Trace Gas Mission (September 10, 2009)
- ^ Mumma, Michael J.; et al. (February 20, 2009). "Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003". Science 323 (5917): pp. 1041–1045. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1041M. doi:10.1126/science.1165243. PMID 19150811.
- ^ Hand, Eric (October 21, 2008). "Plumes of methane identified on Mars". Nature News. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ Making Sense of Mars Methane (June 2008)
- ^ Steigerwald, Bill (January 15, 2009). "Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet". NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA). Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ "METHANE PRODUCTION BY METHANOGENS IN PERCHLORATE-SUPPLEMENTED MEDIA.". 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2009) (PDF).
- ^ Levin, Gilbert V. Levin; Patricia Ann Straat (September 3, 2009). "Methane and life on Mars". Proc. SPIE. Proceedings of SPIE 7441 (74410D): 74410D. doi:10.1117/12.829183.
- ^ Rincon, Paul (July 9, 2009). "Agencies outline Mars initiative". BBC News. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
- ^ "NASA orbiter to hunt for source of Martian methane in 2016". Thaindian News. March 6, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
- ^ Mars Trace Gas Mission - Science Rationale & Concept (10 September 2009)
- ^ a b Report to MEPAG on the ESA-NASA Joint Instrument Definition Team (JIDT) for the Proposed 2016 Orbiter-Carrier (29 July 2009)
- ^ a b "ESA Proposes Two ExoMars Missions". Aviation Week. October 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ^ NASA Could Take Role in European ExoMars Mission June 19, 2009
- ^ Amos, Jonathan (12 October 2009). "Europe's Mars plans move forward". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
- ^ "ESA Proposes Two ExoMars Missions". Aviation Week. October 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ a b "ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO)". European Space Agency. 6 Jauaryn 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- ^ [1] Aviation Week (February 14, 2012)
- ^ "Experts React to Obama Slash to NASA’s Mars and Planetary Science Exploration". Universe Today. February 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- ^ "Have Europe’s Martian exploration plans been derailed by America?". National Space Centre (MSN News). 15 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
- ^ a b "Europe Joins Russia on Robotic ExoMars". Aviation Week. Mar 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ a b "ESA Ruling Council OKs ExoMars Funding". Space News. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ "NASA drops ExoMars missions in 2013 budget". Optics. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
- ^ Spacewatch: Uncertainties for ExoMars
- ^ a b c "Europe still keen on Mars missions". BBC News. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ "Searching for signature gases in the Martian atmosphere". European Space Agency (ESA). 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ a b Europe to invest 12 bln euros in a new space Odyssey, by Olga Zakutnyaya. Space Daily, 25 November 2012.
- ^ Relay Orbiters for Enhancing and Enabling Mars In Situ Exploration (September 15, 2009)
- ^ "U.S., Europe Won’t Go It Alone in Mars Exploration". Spacew News. 26 September, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
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