Experience
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Experience as a general concept comprises knowledge of or skill in or observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or exposure to that thing or event. The history of the word experience aligns it closely with the concept of experiment.
The concept of experience generally refers to know-how or procedural knowledge, rather than propositional knowledge. Philosophers dub knowledge based on experience "empirical knowledge" or "a posteriori knowledge".
The interrogation of experience has a long tradition in continental philosophy. Experience plays an important role in the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard. The German term Erfahrung, often translated into English as "experience", has a slightly different implication, connoting the coherency of life's experiences.
A person with considerable experience in a certain field can gain a reputation as an expert.
Certain religious traditions (such as types of Buddhism, Surat Shabd Yoga and mysticism) and educational paradigms with, for example, the conditioning of boot camps, stress the experiential nature of human epistemology. This stands in contrast to alternatives: traditions of dogma, logic or reasoning. Activities such as tourism, extreme sports and recreational drug use also tend to stress the importance of experience.
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[edit] Types of experience
The word "experience" may refer, somewhat ambiguously, both to mentally unprocessed immediately-perceived events as well as to the purported wisdom gained in subsequent reflection on those events or interpretation of them.
Most wisdom-experience accumulates over a period of time[citation needed], though one can also experience (and gain general wisdom-experience from) a single specific momentary event.
One may also differentiate between (for example) physical, mental, emotional and spiritual experience(s).
[edit] Physical experience
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A human body, for example, may exhibit traces of a physical experience in the form of scar tissue. For more aware forms of physical experience where physicality remains important, note the popularity of extreme sports and of fairground rides. Science can measure much sensory experience as incoming signals or phenomena detectable by living entities.[1]
[edit] Mental experience
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Mental experience and its relation to the physical brain form an area of philosophical debate.[2]
Mathematicians can exemplify cumulative mental experience in the approaches and skills with which they work.
[edit] Emotional experience
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Humans can rationalize falling in (and out) of love as "emotional experience". Societies which lack institutional arranged marriages can call on emotional experience in individuals to influence mate-selection.[3] The concept of emotional experience also appears in the notion of emotional intelligence.[4]
[edit] Spiritual experience
Newberg and Newberg provide a view on spiritual experience.[5]
Mystics can describe their visions as "spiritual experiences".
[edit] Social experience
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Growing up and living within a society can foster the development and observation of social experience.[6]
[edit] Immediacy of experience
Someone able to recount an event they witnessed or took part in has "first hand experience". First hand experience of the "you had to be there" variety can seem especially valuable and privileged, but it often remains potentially subject to errors in sense-perception and in personal interpretation.
Second-hand experience can offer richer resources: recorded and/or summarised from first-hand observers or experiencers or from instruments, and potentially expressing multiple points of view.
Third-hand experience, based on indirect and possibly unreliable rumour or hearsay, can (even given reliable accounts) potentially stray perilously close to blind honouring of authority.
[edit] Subjective experience
Subjective experience can involve a state of individual subjectivity, perception on which one builds one's own state of reality; a reality based on one’s interaction with one's environment. The subjective experience depends on one’s individual ability to process data, to store and internalize it. For example: our senses collect data, which we then process according to biological programming (genetics), neurological network-relationships and other variables such as relativity etc., all of which affect our individual experience of any given situation in such a way as to render it subjective.
[edit] Alternatives to experience
Immanuel Kant contrasted experience with reason: "Nothing, indeed, can be more harmful or more unworthy of the philosopher, than the vulgar appeal to so-called experience. Such experience would never have existed at all, if at the proper time, those institutions had been established in accordance with ideas."[7]
[edit] Games
Role-playing games treat "experience" (and its acquisition) as an important, measurable, and valuable commodity. See experience point.
[edit] Writing
The American author Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote an essay entitled "Experience" (published in 1844), in which he asks readers to disregard emotions that could alienate them from the divine; it provides a somewhat pessimistic representation of the Transcendentalism associated with Emerson.
[edit] Art
In 2005 the art group Monochrom organized a series of happenings that ironically took up the implications of the term "experience": Experience the Experience
[edit] See also
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Experience |
[edit] References
- ^ Compare: Popper, Karl R.; Eccles, John C. (1977). The self and its brain. Berlin: Springer International. p. 425. ISBN 3-540-08307-3. "You would agree, I think, that in our experience of the world everything comes to us through the senses [...]"
- ^ Note for example: Christensen, Scott M.; Turner, Dale R. (1993). Folk psychology and the philosophy of mind. Routledge. p. xxi. ISBN 9780805809312. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=7KU-NskafwEC. Retrieved 2009-12-01. "Some identity theorists originally argued that the identity of brain and mental states held only for a few sensations. Most theorists, however, generalized the view to cover all mental experience."
- ^ Kim, Jungsik; Elaine Hatfield (2004). "Love types and subjective well-being: a cross-cultural study" (PDF). Social Behavior and Personality (Society for Personality Research) 32 (2): 173–182. http://www.elainehatfield.com/103.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-01. "Evolutionary theory theorizes that love is just one of the emotional experiences which have been selected during the evolution process since it has helped humans find mates for reproduction [...]".
- ^ Note the 1994 University of New Hampshire manuscript by J Mayer and M Kilpatrick: "Hot information processing becomes more accurate with open emotional experience", cited in Freshwater, Dawn; Theodore Stickley (2004). "The heart of the art: emotional intelligence in nurse education". Nursing Inquiry 11 (2): 91–98.
- ^ Newberg, Andrew B.; Newberg, Stephanie K. (2005), "The Neuropsychology of Religious and Spiritual Experience", in Paloutzian, Raymond F.; Park, Crystal L., Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, New York: Guilford Press, pp. 199–215, ISBN 9781572309227, http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mGscSLMA_P4C
- ^ Compare: Blumin, Stuart M. (1989). The emergence of the middle class: social experience in the American city, 1760-1900. Interdisciplinary perspectives on modern history. Cambridge University Press. pp. 434. ISBN 9780521376129. http://books.google.com/books?id=cnczMnhOthgC. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- ^ Kant, Immanuel. "Book 1, Section 1". The Critique of Pure Reason.
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