F-102 Delta Dagger
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| F-102 Delta Dagger | |
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| F-102 from the 125th Fighter Interceptor Group, Florida Air National Guard, deploys braking parachute | |
| Role | Interceptor aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Convair |
| First flight | 24 October 1953 |
| Introduced | April 1956 |
| Retired | 1976, USAF 1979, foreign users 1986, target drones |
| Primary users | United States Air Force Greece Turkey |
| Number built | 1,000 |
| Unit cost | US$1.2 million[1] |
| Developed from | Convair XF-92 |
| Variants | F-106 Delta Dart |
The Convair F-102 Delta Dagger was a US interceptor aircraft built as part of the backbone of the United States Air Force's air defenses in the late 1950s. Entering service in 1956, its main purpose was to intercept invading Soviet bomber fleets.
The aircraft's development was long and troubled, and, by the early 1960s, it was being supplemented by F-101 Voodoos, replaced by F-106 Delta Darts, and, later, by F-4 Phantom IIs. Many of the F-102s were transferred to United States Air National Guard duty by the mid-to-late 1960s, and the type was retired from operational service in 1976.
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[edit] Design and development
The F-102 was developed from the XF-92A delta wing research aircraft of the late 1940s. The Air Force took a new approach in putting out the request for proposals for an operational interceptor, considering both the aircraft and armament together in what became known as a "weapon system". While the contract for the complex fire-control system for the new fighter was awarded to Hughes Aircraft, for its MA-1 system,[2] a Request for proposal for Project MX-1554 for the airframe was issued on 18 June 1950, and in January 1951, six manufacturers responded, of which Convair, Lockheed and Republic were chosen to proceed with design. The development of three different designs was too expensive and in November, only Convair was allowed to continue with its Model 8-80. To speed development, it was proposed to equip the prototypes and pre-production aircraft with the less-powerful Westinghouse J40 turbojet, while the definitive production version, referred to as the "Ultimate Interceptor" would be powered by the Wright J67, a licensed derivative of the Bristol-Siddeley Olympus which was still in development.[3] Continued delays to the J67 and the MA-1 fire control system led to the decision to place an interim aircraft with the J40 and a simpler fire control system into production as the F-102A "Interim Fighter", while the version with the final engine and fire control system became the F-102B. The failure of the J40 led to the Pratt & Whitney J57 being substituted for the prototypes and F-102As.[4][5]
The prototype YF-102 made its first flight on 24 October 1953, but was lost to an accident nine days later. The second aircraft flew on 11 January 1954, confirming a dismal performance. Transonic drag was much higher than expected, and the aircraft was limited to Mach 0.98 (i.e. subsonic), with a ceiling of 48,000 ft (14,630 m), far below the requirements.[6]
To solve the problem and save the F-102, Convair embarked on a major redesign, incorporating the recently discovered area rule, while at the same time simplifying production and maintenace. The redesign entailed lengthening the fuselage by 11 ft (3.35 m) and ,"pinched" at the mid section (dubbed the "Coke Bottle configuration", with two large fairings on either side of the engine nozzle, with revised intakes and a new, narrower canopy. A more powerful model of J57 was fitted, and the aircraft structure was lightened.[7][8]
The first revised aircraft, designated YF-102A flew on 20 December 1954, 118 days after the redesign started, exceeding Mach 1 the next day.[8] The revised design demonstrated a speed of Mach 1.22 and a ceiling of 53,000 ft (16,154 m), which was sufficient for the Air Force to allow production of the F-102.[9]
The production F-102A had the Hughes MG-3 fire control system, later upgraded in service to the MG-10. It had a three-segment internal weapons bay under the fuselage for air-to-air missiles. Initial armament was three pairs of GAR-1 Falcon missiles, a mix of infrared and semi-active radar homing. The doors of the two forward bays each had tubes for 12 2.75 in (70 mm) FFAR rockets (for a total of 24). The F-102 was later upgraded to allow the carriage of a GAR-11 Nuclear Falcon missiles in the center bay. The larger size of this weapon required redesigned center bay doors with no rocket tubes. Plans were considered to fit the MB-1 Genie nuclear rocket to the design, but it was never adopted.
Because of the changes that had to be made in redesigning the aircraft with the area rule in mind, the ambitious plan to manufacture the production aircraft on the prototype tooling had to be abandoned; two-thirds of the 60,000+ pieces of tooling had to be scrapped or heavily modified.
To train F-102A pilots, the TF-102A trainer was developed, with 111 eventually manufactured. The aircraft was fitted with a side-by-side cockpit to facilitate ease of pilot training. This required a redesign of the cockpit and nose incorporating a set of vortex generators on the top of the cockpit to prevent flow separation under certain circumstances, and repositioning of the intake ducts. Despite the many changes, the aircraft was combat-capable, although this variant was predictably slower, only reaching subsonic speeds in level flight.[10]
The F-102's intended successor was the improved F-102B "Ultimate Fighter". The design, which had the originally intended J67 engine replaced by a Pratt & Whitney J75 underwent so many aerodynamic changes including a variable-geometry inlet design that it essentially became an entirely new aircraft and hence was redesignated F-106 Delta Dart.
[edit] Operational history
The first operational service of the F-102A was with the 327th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at George Air Force Base, in April 1956, and eventually a total of 889 were built. The F-102's official name, "Delta Dagger" was never used in common parlance, with the aircraft being universally known as the "Deuce." The TF-102 was known as the "Tub" because of its wide fuselage.
During the time the F-102A was in service, several new wing designs were used to experiment with the application of increased conical camber to the wings. Ultimately, a design was selected that actually increased elevon area, reduced takeoff speed, improved the supersonic L/D ratio and increased the aircraft's ceiling to 56,000 ft (17,069 m). A modification was required to the landing gear doors due to the wing redesign.
The USAF Air Defense Command had F-102 Delta Daggers in service in 1960 and the type continued to serve in large numbers with both Air Force and Air National Guard units well into the 1970s. George W. Bush, later President of the United States, flew the F-102 in the 147th Fighter Interceptor Squadron based at Ellington AFB in Houston, TX as part of his Air National Guard service from 1968 to 1972.[11]
[edit] Vietnam service
The F-102 served in Vietnam, flying fighter patrols and serving as bomber escorts. A total of 15 aircraft were lost in Vietnam: one to air-to-air combat,[12] several to ground fire and the remainder to accidents.
Initially, F-102 detachments began to be sent to bases in Southeast Asia in 1962, when radar contacts that were detected by ground radars were thought to possibly be North Vietnamese Il-28 "Beagle" bombers, which was considered a very credible threat during that time period. F-102s were sent to Thailand and other nearby countries to intercept these aircraft if they threatened South Vietnam at any time.
Later on, B-52 strikes, codenamed ARC LIGHT, were escorted by F-102s based in the theater. It was during one of these missions that an F-102 was shot down by a North Vietnamese MiG-21 using an AA-2 Atoll heat-seeking missile. The MiGs approached undetected, and one of the F-102s was hit by an air to air missile, which did not explode immediately, but remained in the aft end of the aircraft causing stability problems. As the pilot reported his mechanical problem to his wingman, the wingman observed the damaged Delta Dagger explode in mid-air, killing the pilot.[13] The other F-102 pilot managed to shoot off some AIM-4s at the fleeing MiG-21s, but no hits were recorded. This was the only air-to-air loss for the F-102 during the Vietnam War.
The F-102 became fairly heavily used in the air-to-ground role.[citation needed] The interceptor was equipped with 24 2.75 in (70 mm) FFARs in the fuselage bay doors, and these weapons were used to good effect against various types of North Vietnamese targets. Additionally, heat-seeking Falcon missiles used in conjunction with the F-102's nose-mounted IRST (Infrared Search & Track) were employed on night time harassment raids along the Ho Chi Minh trail.
Operations with both the F-102A and TF-102A two-seater (which was used in a Forward Air Control role because its two seats and 2.75 in/70 mm rockets offered good versatility for the mission) in Vietnam until 1968 when all F-102 aircraft were sent back to the United States.
[edit] Later use
In 1973, six aircraft were converted to target drones as QF-102A and later PQM-102 series, simulating MiG-21s. This began a program where hundreds of F-102s were converted for use as target drones for F-4 and F-106 aircraft as well as later F-15 aircraft and testing of the US Army's Patriot missile system.
Some F-102As were configured to accommodate a single AIM-26 Super Falcon in each side bay in lieu of the conventional 2 AIM-4 Falcons.
The F-102 and TF-102 were exported overseas to both Turkey and Greece, with those aircraft seeing combat missions during the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus. There have been claims of air combat between Greek F-5s and Turkish F-102s. The Greeks claimed to have shot down two F-102s [14], while the Turks claim to have shot down an F-5; however, both sides deny losses. The F-102 was finally retired from both of those air forces in 1979. The F-102 left US service in 1976, while the last PQM-102 drone was expended in 1986. No F-102s remain in flyable condition today although many can be seen at museums.
[edit] Variants
- YF-102
- Prototypes. Non area-ruled fuselage. Powered by 14,500 lbf (64.5 kN) J57-P-11, two built.
- YF-102A
- Area-ruled prototypes. 16,000 lbf (71.2 kN) J57-P-23. Four converted from pre-production aircraft.
- F-102A
- Production Model. Initial eight pre-production aircraft built with non-area ruled fuselage. Remainder (879) with area ruled fuselage.
- TF-102A
- Two-seat training version, 111 built
- F-102B
- The original designation of the F-106A
- F-102C
- Proposed tactical attack version with J57-P-47 engine. Two converted As as YF-102C engineering test beds.[15]
- QF-102A
- Target drones converted from the F-102A. Six built.[16]
- PQM-102A
- Unpiloted target drones. 65 converted.[16]
- PQM-102B
- Revised target drone conversion, capable of being flown remotely or by pilot in cockpit. 146 converted.[16]
[edit] Operators
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[edit] Survivors
Below is a partial list of museums or locations with an F-102 Delta Dagger on display:
- YF-102A,serial No: 53-1787 in the Air Park at Jackson Barracks Military Museum, New Orleans, LA
- YF-102A,serial No: 53-1788, Carolinas Aviation Museum, Charlotte, NC formerly on display at Florence, SC
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 54-1405, Strategic Air and Space Museum, Ashland, NE near Offutt AFB, NE
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-0984, at Wings Over the Rockies Museum,[17] (former Lowry AFB) Denver, CO
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-0986, at MAPS Air Museum, Akron-Canton Regional Airport, OH
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1053, (painted 56-1274) at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska Heritage Park.[18]
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1109, at Peterson Air and Space Museum, Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, CO
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1368, tail number 0-61368 at Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, OR
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1413, at Castle Air Museum, Atwater, CA
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1416, at Nat'l Museum of the USAF, Wright-Patterson AFB near Dayton, OH
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1476, at Minnesota Air National Guard Base, Minneapolis, MN
- TF-102A, AF Serial No: 56-2317, at Grissom Air Museum, Grissom Air Reserve Base, Peru, IN.
- TF-102A, AF Serial No: 56-2352, at Air Force Heritage Park, Lackland AFB, San Antonio,TX
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1515, at McChord Air Museum, McChord Air Force Base, Washington.[19]
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 57-0858, at Tyndall Air Park, Tyndall AFB, FL
- F-102A, AF Serial No: 56-1105, on static display at the Lions park in Great Falls, Montana
- F-102A, AF Serial No: Unknown, on static display at the entrance to Jacksonville Air National Guard Base, FL
[edit] Specifications (F-102A)
Data from The Great Book of Fighters[20]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 68 ft 4 in (20.83 m)
- Wingspan: 38 ft 1 in (11.61 m)
- Height: 21 ft 2 in (6.45 m)
- Wing area: 695 ft² (64.57 m²)
- Airfoil: NACA 0004-65 mod root and tip
- Empty weight: 19,350 lb (8,777 kg)
- Loaded weight: 24,500 lb (11,100 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 31,500 lb (14,300 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney J57-P-25 afterburning turbojet
- Dry thrust: 11,700 lbf (52.0 kN)
- Thrust with afterburner: 17,200 lbf (76.5 kN)
- Internal fuel capacity: 1,085 US gal (4,107 l)
- External fuel capacity: 2 × 215 US gal (815 l) drop tanks
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 1.25 (825 mph, 1,304 km/h) at 40,000 ft (12,190 m)
- Range: 1,350 mi (1,170 nmo, 2,175 km)
- Service ceiling: 53,400 ft (16,300 m)
- Rate of climb: 13,000 ft/min (66 m/s)
- Wing loading: 35 lb/ft² (172 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.70
Armament
- Rockets: 24 × 2.75 in (70 mm) FFAR (Folding Fin Aerial Rocket) unguided rockets in missile bay doors
- Missiles:
- 6 × AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles or
- 3 × AIM-4 Falcon
- 1 × AIM-26 Falcon with conventional or nuclear warhead
Avionics
- MG-10 fire control system
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ Knaack 1978, p. 169.
- ^ Wegg 2000, p. 200.
- ^ Knaack 1978, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Wegg 2000, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Knaack 1978, pp. 160–161.
- ^ Knaack 1978, pp. 163–164.
- ^ Gunston 1957, pp. 513–514.
- ^ a b Wegg 2000, p. 201.
- ^ Knaack 1978, p. 166.
- ^ Gunston 1981, p. 26.
- ^ Bush's Service in the Texas Air National Guard
- ^ Hobson
- ^ Hobson
- ^ The Shooting Down of the Turkish F-102s
- ^ Baugher's F-102C
- ^ a b c Wagg 2000, p. 203.
- ^ Wings Over Rockies Air and Space Museum- F-102 Delta Dagger
- ^ Air-Britain's Photo Collection: F-102A
- ^ McChord Air Museum - F-102 Delta Dagger (56-1515) 317th FIS, 325th FW, McChord's First supersonic aircraft
- ^ Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Great Book of Fighters. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1194-3.
[edit] Bibliography
- Drendel, Lou. Century Series in Color (Fighting Colors). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-89747-097-4.
- Green, William. The World's Fighting Planes. London: Macdonald, 1964.
- Gunston, Bill. "Convair F-102: An Analysis of America's Home-defence Interceptor". Flight, 19 April 1957, pp. 512–518.
- Gunston, Bill. Fighters of the Fifties. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press Publishers & Wholesalers, Inc., 1981. ISBN 0-933424-32-9.
- Hobson, Chris. Vietnam Air Losses: United States Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia, 1961-73. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2002. ISBN 1-85780-1156.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Pace, Steve. X-Fighters: USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters, XP-59 to YF-23. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-540-5.
- Wegg, John. General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors. London: Putnam, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-833-X.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. "Convair F-102 Delta Dagger." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: F-102 Delta Dagger |
- Aerospaceweb's Profile of the F-102
- Global Aircraft's F-102 Specs., Achievements, and Photos
- Joe Baugher's F-102 Delta Dagger History
- Joe Baugher's USAF Operational Wings and Squadrons
- Aero-Web: List of F-102 Delta Dagger on display in the US.
- Serial Numbers and Operational Histories
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