FEMEN

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For the French branch of this group, see FEMEN France.
FEMEN
Фемен
FEMEN logo.jpg
Founder(s) Anna Hutsol[1]
Type Protest group
Founded 10 April 2008[1]
Headquarters Kiev, Ukraine[2]
Key people Anna Hutsol[1]
Oksana Shachko[3]
Alexandra Shevchenko[4]
Inna Shevchenko[3]
Focus Women's liberation[5]
Motto Sextremism[5]
Website femen.org

FEMEN (Ukrainian: Фемен) is a feminist Ukrainian protest group based in Kiev, founded in 2008. The organization became internationally known for organizing controversial[6][7] topless protests against sex tourists, religious institutions, international marriage agencies, perceived sexism and other social, national and international topics.[1][6][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] In October 2012 the organization claimed it had about 40 activists in Ukraine, and another 100 who had joined their protests abroad,[8] as well as tens of thousands of supporters via the social network Vkontakte.[15]

The organisation has stated that its goals are: "To develop leadership, intellectual and moral qualities of the young women in Ukraine" and "To build up the image of Ukraine, the country with great opportunities for women".[16] FEMEN activists have been regularly detained by the Ukrainian police in response to their protests.[17]

FEMEN has several international branches.[18]

Contents

History [edit]

FEMEN protest in Kyiv 09 Nov 2009. Early protests were provocative but not topless

Anna Hutsol founded the FEMEN movement on 10 April 2008 after she became aware of sad stories of Ukrainian woman duped into going abroad and then taken advantage of sexually.[2][19] Initially Femen gained attention by demonstrating in skimpy or erotic clothing, for example on 21 September 2008 in front of the Turkish embassy a dozen FEMEN members were dressed as sexy nurses with smudged makeup and high pink heels, however at the 24 August 2009 demonstration on Ukranian independence day Oksana Shachko went topless.[20] Since this approach obtained such great publicity it rapidly became FEMEN's trademark approach. While most of the protests have been confined to bare breasts, in October 2010 Shachko exposed her buttocks outside a locked toilet in a demonstration to protest the lack of public toilets in Kiev,[21] and four of the group members staged a similar protest in Kiev in February 2011.[22]

FEMEN protest in Kyiv during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election

Since May 2011 a host of international news outlets have started to report about the organization's actions; this has sharply heightened FEMENs international profile.[23][24]

From late 2011 the Ukranian FEMEN activists started to do more international protests.[25] In December 2011 three FEMEN activists claimed that the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus had abducted and terrorized them after they staged topless protests in Minsk.[26] On 8 April 2013 5 FEMEN members where able to "topless ambush" Russian President Vladimir Putin (accompanied by German Chancellor Angela Merkel) at the Hanover trade fair.[27]

After Inna Shevchenko chopped down a wooden cross overlooking Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kiev on 17 August 2012, she claimed to have received several death threats and that her front door had been kicked in.[28] Fearing arrest, she sought asylum in France and moved to Paris. There in September 2012 she established a training facility for activists for Femen in France.[28]

Organization [edit]

Female university students between 18 and 20 years old formed the backbone of the movement when it was formed in 2008.[2] There are few male members.[1] In 2010, the group comprised some 320 activists,[21][29] with about 300 of the active participants being in Kiev.[30] In October 2012 the organization claimed it had about 40 activists in Ukraine, and another 100 who had joined their protests abroad.[8] In a 2010 interview Anna Hutsol said that in addition to 20 core organizers there are 300 activists in Kiev, as well as a social network based on vkontakte of about 20,000 persons.[15] Since early 2011 various sources state that in an interview Anna Hutsol claimed that the movement has 150 thousand supporters.[3][31]

Most of FEMEN's demonstrations are staged in Kiev,[9][13] but the organization has also held actions in cities like Odessa,[32] Dnipropetrovsk,[33] and Zaporizhia.[34]

In April 2010 the organization was contemplating becoming a political party to run for seats in the October 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[1][30][35] However, it did not take part in these elections.[8][36]

FEMEN explained its methodology of topless protesting by saying: "This is the only way to be heard in this country. If we staged simple protests with banners, then our claims would not have been noticed".[37] The organization plans to become the biggest and the most influential movement in Europe.[16][30]

Facebook initially blocked the FEMEN page because it suspected it was pornographic.[38] In addition, FEMEN has displayed several provocative images on its Facebook page, including images of FEMEN activists taking a chainsaw to the heads of Vladimir Putin and Kirill I of Moscow, who were depicted covered in blood.[39]

FEMEN protest against EURO 2012 on 08 Jun 2012

Some members say that their involvement in FEMEN has caused their families to become alienated from them.[30][38] Some FEMEN members, including Inna Shevchenko, have also been subject to threats and intimidation.[40]

FEMEN also holds rallies outside Ukraine.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] In late April 2011, the organization said it was setting up international branches in Warsaw, Zurich, Rome, Tel Aviv, and Rio de Janeiro.[48][49] Early 2013 FEMEN claimed to have members in Brazil, Germany, the U.S., Canada, Switzerland, Italy, Bulgaria, and Tunisia.[3] On 19 December 2011 FEMEN performed a topless protest against Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko outside the KGB Headquarters in Minsk, mocking Lukashenko's recognizable haircut and moustache.[50] Afrterwards, according to FEMEN, the three protesters Inna Shevchenko, Oksana Shachko and Aleksandra Nemchinova were abducted by the Belarus authorities and taken to a remote forest blindfolded, doused with oil, forced to strip and then threatened with being set on fire, before having their hair violently cut with knives and being abandoned in the snow half-naked.[51][26] A demonstration by a group called RU FEMEN in the Russian capital, Moscow, in late April 2011[52] was immediately denounced as a fake offspring of FEMEN.[48][49] FEMEN accused the Russian political party United Russia of having set up RU FEMEN.[48][49]

Several criminal cases have been opened against the organization in Ukraine on charges of "hooliganism" and "desecration of state symbols" among others, and they have been fined.[53] In addition, most FEMEN activists are detained by the police after protesting; in one case the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus arrested the FEMEN activists, "threatening them with knives and cutting their hair."[17] According to FEMEN, after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych, the Security Service of Ukraine attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.[38]

International branches [edit]

Main article: FEMEN France

FEMEN France is the French branch of FEMEN. After cutting down a crucifix near Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kiev in August 2012,[54] Inna Shevchenko left the country and went to Paris to set up FEMEN France, a training center for activists.[55] The international training center opened on 18 September 2012.[56]

On 23 January 2013 a third national FEMEN-group was opened officially when Alexandra Shevchenko launched FEMEN in Germany proposing to train and lead the group from Berlin and Hamburg bases.[4][18]

Goals and stances [edit]

Question book-new.svg
 This section relies on references to primary sources. Please add references to secondary or tertiary sources. (May 2013)

FEMEN describes itself as "radical feminism".[57] FEMEN has pledged to fight the sex industry, the Church and its stance against abortion[58][59] and "patriarchal society," as well as those who oppose equal rights for the LGBT community.[3] FEMEN has expressed opposition against Islamism,[60] "Sharia law"[61] and spoken against the practice of FGM.[62] On its official website FEMEN states: "FEMEN – is sextremism serving to protect women's rights, democracy watchdogs attacking patriarchy, in all its forms: the dictatorship, the church, the sex industry".[5] The organization claims "to unite young women basing on the principles of social awareness and activism, intellectual and cultural development" to "recognise the European values of freedom, equality and comprehensive development of a person irrespective of the gender" and "To build up the image of Ukraine, the country with great opportunities for women".[63][16] In 2010 stated the goals of the organization where "to shake women in Ukraine, making them socially active; to organize in 2017 a women's revolution."[30]

FEMEN has expressed both support for and opposition against various public figures and organizations; for example, the group lauded Pussy Riot[64] and collaborated with Aliaa Elmahdy.[65][66]

In 2011 the group has stated it has enjoyed limited success in pushing its agenda.[67]

A (February 2013) editorial on Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty by Joanna Rohozinska stated "A survey of their protests fails to provide much insight into what the concrete goals are".[57]

Feminist issues [edit]

May 2009 "Ukraine is not a Brothel!" protest on Maidan Nezalezhnosti

Founder Anna Hutsol is adamantly opposed to legalizing prostitution in Ukraine[2] and advocates for criminalization of prostitution abroad.[68] In late May 2009, FEMEN proposed the introduction of criminal responsibility for the use of sex industry services.[69] FEMEN protested against what they argued were moves being made by the Ukrainian government to legalize prostitution during the EURO 2012 championships.[70] The group asked UEFA and the Ukrainian government to create a social program devoted to the problem of sex tourism and prostitution in Ukraine; to inform football fans that prostitution is illegal in Ukraine; and to take additional steps to fight against prostitution and sex tourism.[71][a 1]

Despite Femen's objection to the sex industry, the group has fought against the prosecution of Anastasia Grishay by the Ukrainian government on grounds of her involvement in pornography.[72]

According to (founder) Hutsol "The Femen movement stands for women-related policies, not women in politics".[73] FEMEN's leadership has very low expectations of all current mainstream Ukrainian politicians.[8][74][75] When asked (in April 2013) if she considered German Chancellor Angela Merkel "the enemy" Alexandra Shevchenko replied: "In so far as she shakes the hand of the dictator, yes; like Yulia Tymoshenko and like Margaret Thatcher before them, she has hardly spoken out for women's rights".[27]

Ukrainian issues [edit]

FEMEN protest outside the Secret Service Building in Kiev (August 2010)

FEMEN has protested "against the limitation of democratic liberties and freedom of the press" during Viktor Yanukovich's presidency[76] and against (Ukrainian) government corruption.[77]

Also have taken place are FEMEN protest actions against alleged anti-Ukrainian policies by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian President and Government of Russia.[78][79] It also demanded "independence for the Ukrainian church".[78][79]

International issues (Russia) [edit]

In December 2012 FEMEN "warned" the European Union "to stop immediately political, economic and cultural contacts with Gazprom-Kremlin's dictatorship"; because "dependence on Nord Stream will bring Europe to an economic collapse and the abolition of visas requirements for Russians threatens Europe with a cultural Armageddon".[80] An 8 April 2013 "topless ambush" of Russian President Vladimir Putin (accompanied by German Chancellor Angela Merkel) at the Hanover trade fair was described by Alexandra Shevchenko as "non-violent women protesting against the most dangerous dictator in the world, it got great coverage and will hopefully inspire people in Russia as well as helping us to recruit new members".[27]

The group has taken left-wing stances on economic policy, calling for redistribution.[81]

Protests against religious institutions [edit]

Examples of FEMEN protests against religious institutions are:

Cultural and political image [edit]

The group has been widely covered in the media,[102] including by CNN, BBC News,[11] Der Spiegel, Die Welt, Independent.ie,[16] France 24,[19] Euronews,[103] the Kyiv Post,[104] USA Today,[105] Reuters,[29] The Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal.[46]

Critics have stated FEMEN members are more interested in self-promotion than real reform, and that their antics are often tacky and undermine the cause of their protests.[78] According to (Ukrainian gender studies expert) Tetyana Bureychak, most Ukrainian women are unimpressed by FEMEN,[106] (Ukrainian sociologist) Oleh Demkiv has spoken out against the controversial nature of FEMEN's protests and in July 2011 he stated they "unfortunately, do not enjoy popular support, or lead to changes in Ukraine's consciousness".[107] In February 2013 Joanna Rohozinska (from National Endowment for Democracy) stated "there is little evidence of any of Femen's protests having significant impact" and she called FEMEN's decision to set up branches in outside Ukraine "as disingenuous at best and, frankly, somewhat cowardly".[57] Positive remarks in Ukraine about FEMEN came from Maria Mayerchyk (of Lviv University), who has spoken about FEMEN, saying that they are a "positive, radical and important phenomenon that is able to raise social issues",[106] and Larysa Kobelianska (UN-led women's rights program) said the group has succeeded in attracting public attention to women's problems, even if by questionable means.[21][108]

The group is seen more positively abroad.[8] (Journalist) Naomi Westland wrote that "Western countries are more accustomed than those in the Eastern Hemisphere to seeing naked or semi-naked bodies in the media and on the streets. But in countries where nudity is taboo, the protests have more profound impact."[102] Jeffrey Tayler noted: "Femen originated in Ukraine, born of young women who grew up without exposure to the West's culture of political correctness and who have scant respect for it; from their country's Soviet past, they know how deleterious the stifling of free speech can be. Now that they have moved to the West, Femen has courageously broken rules and enlivened the debate over religion's role in our world."[109] FEMEN received a positive reception after opening their location in Paris.[110] FEMEN has been criticized by Chitra Nagarajan for "its obsession with nudity that feeds a racist colonial feminism."[111]

Financing [edit]

FEMEN founder Anna Hutsol watches a FEMEN demonstration with DJ Hell in Kiev on 22 May 2009

Funding is provided by FEMEN activists through the sale of products bearing the effigy of FEMEN via some 30 chapters.[112] FEMEN also receives donations from individuals[21][30][113] like Helmut Geier (also known as DJ under the alias DJ Hell),[38] German businesswoman Beate Schober (who is currently residing in Ukraine),[114] the American businessman Jed Sunden (founder of Ukrainian KP Media and former owner of Kyiv Post newspaper)[1][115] and Ukrainian Canadians.[74] There is also speculation the group receives support from clandestine sources.[74]

A Ukrainian 1+1 journalist who claimed (in September 2012) to have infiltrated FEMEN stated FEMEN’s office in the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, allegedly costs the movement over $2,500 monthly and each member’s salary was around $1,000.[116] The journalist also claimed that a trip to France cost the organization €1,000 per day per activists.[117] 1+1 also claimed in September 2012 that "an agent who works with them" had told them FEMEN activist could be hired "from 40 thousand to hundreds of Ukrainian hryvnia (the national currency of Ukraine)" and that while in France FEMEN key activist[3] Inna Shevchenko had bought shoes for €800.[118]

In March 2013, Radio Svoboda claimed to have information that FEMEN activists were paid €2,500 a month and protesters €1,000. Both of these salaries compare favourably to the average salary in Kiev of €500. The report claimed that Paris-based members can earn up to €1000 per day. It also claimed the organisation is funded by Jed Sunden.[119]

See also [edit]

Bibliography [edit]

  • Ackerman, Galia et al., FEMEN, Published by Calmann-Lévy (Paris 2013), 280 pages. ISBN 978-2702144589. (French language publication)[120]

Filmography [edit]

  • Nos seins, nos armes ! (Our breasts, our weapons!), documentary film (1hour 10 mins), written and directed by Caroline Fourest and Nadia El Fani, produced by Nilaya Productions, aired on France 2 on 5 March 2013.[121]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ As a counter-act Polish prostitutes held their own nude demonstration (in masks) with the catchphrase "Femen! Get the fuck out of our business".
  2. ^ The desecration of the cross was repudiated by Maria Alyokhina of Pussy Riot, who said "Their surprise displays and protests against authoritarianism are similar to us, but we look at feminism differently, especially the form of speech. We wouldn't take our clothes off, and will not. Their latest action, the sawing of the cross, does not create a feeling of solidarity, unfortunately." (Source:"Pussy Riot засудили акцію FEMEN зі спиленням хреста в Києві ("Pussy Riot condemn FEMEN action of cutting cross in Kiev")" (in Ukrainian). RegioNews. August 23, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012. )

References [edit]

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  2. ^ a b c d Feminine Femen targets 'sexpats', Kyiv Post (22 May 2009)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Femen in Paris: Ukraine's Topless Warriors Move West, The Atlantic (2 January 2013)
  4. ^ a b "FEMEN". FEMEN. 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2013-04-22. 
  5. ^ a b c FEMEN: FEMEN - is a global women's movement, Official FEMEN website
  6. ^ a b "Ukraine’s Ladies Of Femen". Movements.org. 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2013-04-22. 
  7. ^ Jeffrey Tayler. "The Woman Behind Femen's Topless Protest Movement - Jeffrey Tayler". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2013-04-22. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f Ukraine's Femen:Topless protests 'help feminist cause', BBC News (23 October 2012)
  9. ^ a b Keywords:FEMEN, Photo service of UNIAN
  10. ^ High voter turnout in snow, cold shows triumph of democracy, Kyiv Post (21 January 2010)
  11. ^ a b Ukraine protest over NZ 'win a wife' competition prize, BBC News (2 March 2011)
  12. ^ Ukraine feminists protest ‘Win a Wife’ competition, Khaleej Times (1 March 2011)
  13. ^ a b (Ukrainian) Ключові слова:FEMEN, Photo service of UNIAN
  14. ^ (Ukrainian) Активістка жіночого руху б'є тортом Олеся Бузину (фото), UNIAN (23 March 2009)
  15. ^ a b "Девушки хотят. Интервью с Анной Гуцол, лидером FEMEN", 15 July 2010, Анастасия Рингис, Focus (Ukrainian magazine) website (retrieved 6 February 2013) (Russian)
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  19. ^ a b How they protest prostitution in Ukraine, France 24 (28 August 2009)
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  32. ^ Events by themes:Protest action of FEMEN in Odessa, Photo service of UNIAN (10 March 2011)
  33. ^ (Ukrainian) Події за темами:У Дніпропетровську відбулася акція активісток FEMEN з нагоди Міжнародного дня обіймів, Photo service of UNIAN
  34. ^ (Ukrainian) Події за темами:Активістки FEMEN провели в Запоріжжі акцію проти секс-туризму, Photo service of UNIAN (7 March 2011)
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  36. ^ (Ukrainian) Information on the registration of electoral lists of candidates, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
    (Ukrainian) Results of voting in single constituencies in 2012 & Nation-wide list, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
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  38. ^ a b c d 'The Entire Ukraine Is a Brothel', Der Spiegel (5 May 2011)
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  40. ^ http://feed.vocativ.com/why-they-take-off-their-clothes-the-harrowing-story-behind-the-naked-protesters-called-femen/
  41. ^ Keywords: FEMEN, UNIAN
  42. ^ FEMEN takes its act to Paris, Kyiv Post (1 November 2011)
  43. ^ FEMEN participate in Berlusconi protests, Kyiv Post (2 November 2011)
  44. ^ Huffington Post: FEMEN, Ukrainian women's rights group, protests Russian election, Kyiv Post (9 December 2011)
  45. ^ Ukraine topless activists raise SOS from Belarus, Kyiv Post (20 December 2011)
  46. ^ a b Naked Protesters Draw Attention at Moscow Polling Station, The Wall Street Journal (4 March 2012)
  47. ^ Turkey acts to better protect women from abuse, Kyiv Post (9 March 2012)
  48. ^ a b c (Ukrainian) На FEMEN здiйснена рейдерська атака! Клятi москалi! Перший пост без цицьок, Ukrayinska Pravda (28 April 2011)
  49. ^ a b c (Russian) Зассанные кремлевские матрасы!, LiveJournal blog of FEMEN (28 April 2011)
  50. ^ "FEMEN Protest Photos". Cryptome.org. Retrieved 2013-04-22. 
  51. ^ "http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16275566". BBC. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2013. 
  52. ^ (Russian) Полуголые активистки прошлись по Москве, L!FE NEWS (27 April 2011)
  53. ^ (Russian) На FEMENисток завели два уголовных дела за "обнаженку", Информационно-аналитический центр "ЛІГА" (17 February 2012)
  54. ^ "Cross sawn down by FEMEN activists in Kiev turned out to be Catholic, not Orthodox". Interfax. 20 August 2012. 
  55. ^ "Cross-chopping topless activist flees Ukraine". Indiatvnews.com. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-10. 
  56. ^ "Naked March in Paris to Open New Office of Femen Feminist Group – SPIEGEL ONLINE". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2012-11-19. 
  57. ^ a b c Commentary: The Femen Effect On Feminism, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (5 February 2013)
  58. ^ "[Alarm Bell http://femen.org/en/gallery/id/51#post-content]". Femen.org. (4 October 2012)
  59. ^ "FEMEN rings the bell: Naked activists defend right to abortion". (10 April 2012)
  60. ^ "Freedom for Women in the East". Femen.org. (10 December 2012)
  61. ^ "Allah Created Me Naked!" Femen.org. (31 March 2012)
  62. ^ "Berlinale, There Is Not Only Film That Can Be Cutted! Stop FGM!". Femen.org. (7 February 2013)
  63. ^ Femen’s actions serve only to further Putin’s agenda, Kyiv Post (11 September 2012)
    About FEMEN, Official webshop of FEMEN
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  65. ^ "Apocalypse of Muhammad". Femen.org. (20 December 2012)
  66. ^ "Apocalypse of Muhammad/Video". Femen.org. (20 December 2012)
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  69. ^ FEMEN initiates criminal responsibility for using sex industry services, Kyiv Post (22 May 2009)
  70. ^ "Ukraine women go topless against UEFA, prostitution". 3 November 2011. 
  71. ^ "Euro 2012 Without Prostitution: Femen Activists Go Topless Against UEFA". 2 December 2011. 
  72. ^ "Save My Children!". Femen.org. (12 June 2012).
  73. ^ Azarov sexism is hurting this nation, editorial by FEMEN leader Anna Hutsol in Kyiv Post (15 April 2010)
  74. ^ a b c Two Bad Words: FEMEN & Feminism in Independent Ukraine by Jessica Zychowicz, University of Michigan (Fall 2011)
  75. ^ International Women’s Issues: Yulia Tymoshenko and FEMEN: Women, Appearance, and Politics in Ukraine by Mary Anne Limoncelli, Persephone Magazine (13 October 2011)
  76. ^ Activists of the Ukrainian women's movement FEMEN dressed as policemen "beat" journalists, photographers and cameramen during their symbolic protest action called "100 days" on Independence Square in Kiev, the capital., Los Angeles Times (3 June 2010)
  77. ^ Ukraine parliament to resume session after brawl, Euronews (13 December 2012)
    Media: Femen women's group tries to break into parliament, Kyiv Post (12 December 2012)
  78. ^ a b c Topless protester pursues Russia church leader, Nydailynews.com (26 July 2012)
  79. ^ a b (Ukrainian) Дівчата з FEMEN пішли на Кирила з чорними грудьми FEMEN went to Cyril with black breast, Gazeta.ua (28 July 2012)
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  81. ^ "SOS Davos!". Femen.org. (26 January 2013)
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  83. ^ "Femen Takes Topless Act to the Vatican". Radio Free Europe. 7 November 2011. 
  84. ^ a b "'Kill Kirill': Topless FEMEN activist attacks Russian Patriarch". Russia Todayf. 26 July 2012. 
  85. ^ "Russia's Patriarch Kirill Pursued By Topless FEMEN Protester". Huffington Post. 26 July 2012. 
  86. ^ "Femen во имя Pussy Riot спилили в Киеве крест "оранжевой" революции". Lenta.ru. Retrieved 2012-08-17. 
  87. ^ "'Feminist Sentenced for Baring Breasts at Patriarch Kirill". Moscow Times. 27 July 2012. 
  88. ^ "Femen stage topless anti-Islamist Olympic protest in London". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 August 2012. 
  89. ^ "Ukrainian feminists stage topless protest near Tower Bridge over Olympic body’s ‘support for bloody Islamist regimes’". Daily Mail. Retrieved 18 August 2012. 
  90. ^ "Ukrainians protest: topless women say "No Sharia" and "Bloody Islamist Regimes"". Al Bawaba. Retrieved 7 August 2012. 
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  92. ^ "Pussy Riot Trial, FEMEN". Retrieved 19 November 2012. 
  93. ^ "Киевская милиция ищет активистку движения FEMEN, спилившую поклонный крест". Channel One (Russia). 18 August 2012. 
  94. ^ "FEMEN saws down cross for Stalin victims". The Voice of Russia. 17 August 2012. 
  95. ^ "Ukrainian activist cuts down cross in Pussy Riot protest". TVNZ. 17 August 2012. 
  96. ^ a b "Police open criminal case on hooliganism against Femen activists". Kyiv Post. 17 August 2012. 
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  98. ^ "FEMEN Women's Movement Says Police Blocking Organisation's Office In Kyiv". Ukrainian News Service. 18 August 2012. 
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  102. ^ a b "Protesters say they achieve more with less clothing". Retrieved 19 November 2012. 
  103. ^ Ukrainian women activists protest against Saknieh execution, ;;Euronews (4 November 2010)
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  105. ^ "Ukraine's topless protesters gain fame". USA Today. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-10-10. 
  106. ^ a b The nude radicals: feminism Ukrainian style, The Guardian (15 April 2011)
  107. ^ (Ukrainian) Акції FEMEN — наслідок суспільної нечутливості?, Den (22 July 2011)
  108. ^ Gender, Politics and Society in Ukraine by Olena Hankivsky and Anastasiya Salnykova, University of Toronto Press, 2012
  109. ^ Taylor, Jeffrey (1 May 2013). "Topless Jihad: Why Femen Is Right". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 May 2013. 
  110. ^ "FEMEN Opens HQ in Paris". Retrieved 19 November 2012. 
  111. ^ Nagarajan, Chitra (11 April 2013), Femen's obsession with nudity feeds a racist colonial feminism, Guardian News, retrieved 12 April 2013 
  112. ^ FEMEN.info - Chapters
  113. ^ (Russian) Бюст героев, Kommersant (20 September 2010)
  114. ^ "Die Ukraine ist kein Bordell" "Ukraine is not a brothel", Berliner Zeitung (26 January 2009)
  115. ^ Kyiv Post founder reflects on 14 years as newspaper’s owner, reasons for sale, Kyiv Post (November 19, 2009)
  116. ^ Boob job: FEMEN activist reveals topless protesters’ $1,000 salaries, RT (21 September 2012)
  117. ^ (Ukrainian) Активістки FEMEN отримують мінімум по тисячі доларів на місяць FEMEN activists are at least a thousand dollars a month, TSN.ua (20 September 2012)
  118. ^ (Ukrainian) Хочеш запросити Femen? Готуй гроші! Want to invite Femen? Prepare money!, Ekspres (27 September 2012)
  119. ^ http://newsper.net/en/article/region/3/theme/6?id=2312560&date=2013-03-19
  120. ^ "FEMEN livre (2013)". FEMEN.info. 6 Mars 2013. Retrieved 23 Mars 2013. 
  121. ^ url=http://television.telerama.fr/tele/programmes-tv/nos-seins-nos-armes,48577030.php

External links [edit]

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