Family dictatorship

A hereditary dictatorship, or family dictatorship, in political science terms a personalistic regime, is a form of dictatorship that occurs in a nominally or formally republican regime, but operates in practice like an absolute monarchy, in that political power passes within the dictator's family. Thus, although the key leader is a called president or prime minister rather than a king or emperor, power is transmitted between members of the same family due to the overwhelming authority of the leader.

A family dictatorship is different from an absolute monarchy. In the latter, the transition of power within a family is required by general law, and continues to apply to all successions in the regime. In the former, this arrangement is not required by general law. In some cases, a special law might be enacted to formally nominate one particular family member of the present leader as the successor. In other cases, the law of the state may even formally provide for elections, but control exerted by the leader on the political and electoral process ensures a hereditary succession. Furthermore, whether each succession succeeds depends on the level of authority and control of the leader. As a result, modern family dictatorships often transition into a non-familial (non-personalistic) regime after a small number of successions: usually just one, and rarely more than two.

A family dictatorship is also different from other political families. In the latter, informal power and influence accrued to the family enables the family to continue to hold political power, often through open and contested elections. In the former, the family uses either formal legal or political power or control to ensure a familial succession, and usually via a controlled or uncontested election, or no election at all.

Because a family dictatorship exerts significant control on its succession, a successor is often determined well in advance. However, because it often lacks a formal general law basis for the succession, there are often long periods of uncertainty as to the identity of the successor. As often happens in other types of totalitarian regimes which plan their own succession, after a successor is determined or short-listed, they often go through a significant period of "grooming", in which the successor gains the experiences and qualifications aimed to make him or her attain the authority necessary to lead the regime.

Successful transitions of power

Dates in parentheses denote the period of rule.

• Rome: Augustus (27 BCE to 14 CE) succeeded by his adopted son Tiberius, succeeded by his adopted son Caligula, succeeded by his uncle Claudius, succeeded by his adopted son Nero. The office of the Roman Emperor, although it began as a family dictatorship as defined above - that is, no general law determined succession, but solely the amassed power of the members of the family in question - became increasingly monarchical over time, especially once it was transferred between dynasties. By the time of Constantine, the system had been effectively recognized as a hereditary monarchy, and the Empire's successor/continuing state, the Byzantine Empire, was explicitly monarchical (as evidenced by its motto, King of Kings Ruling Over Rulers).

• England: Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658) succeeded as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth by his son Richard Cromwell (1658–1659)

• Paraguay: Carlos Antonio López (1840–1862), succeeded by his son, Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)

• El Salvador: Carlos Meléndez (1915–1918), succeeded by his brother Jorge Meléndez (1919–1923), succeeded by his brother-in-law Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (acting 1918-1919, 1923–1927)

• Nicaragua: Anastasio Somoza García (1937–1947, 1950–1956), succeeded by his son Luis Somoza Debayle (1956–1963, de facto 1963-1967), succeeded by his brother Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1967–1972, de facto 1972-1974, 1974–1979)

• North Korea: Kim Il-sung (1948–1994), succeeded by his son Kim Jong-il (1994–2011), succeeded by his son Kim Jong-un (2011–). Kim Jong-il didn't officially take office until 1997, when his father was posthumously given the position of Eternal President. On 2 June 2009, it was reported that Kim Jong-il's youngest son, Kim Jong-un, was to be North Korea's next leader. Like his father and grandfather, he was given an official sobriquet, The Brilliant Comrade. It was reported that Kim Jong-il was expected to officially designate the son as his successor in 2012, but Kim Jong-il died in 2011 and Kim Jong-un was nevertheless announced as his successor.

• Haiti: François Duvalier (1957–1971), succeeded by his son Jean-Claude Duvalier (1971–1986)

• Cuba: Fidel Castro (prime minister 1959-1976, president 1976-2008), succeeded on an interim basis and later permanently by his brother, Raúl Castro (acting president 2006-2008, president 2008–)

• Iraq: Abdul Salam Arif (1963–1966), succeeded by his brother Abdul Rahman Arif (1966–1968)

• Togo: Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967–2005), succeeded by his son Faure Gnassingbé (2005–). Under international pressure, Faure had to resign on February 25, 2005, but was re-elected in April.

• Gabon: Omar Bongo (President 1967-2009) died in June 2009. His son Ali Bongo Ondimba succeeded him after winning a disputed election in August 2009.

• Syria: Hafez al-Assad (1971–2000), succeeded by his son Bashar al-Assad (2000–). Bashar's elder brother, Basil al-Assad, had been designated for the presidency but died in 1994, six years prior to his father's death.

• Antigua and Barbuda: Vere Cornwall Bird (1981–1994), succeeded by his son Lester Bryant Bird (1994–2004)

• Azerbaijan: Heydar Aliyev (1993–2003), succeeded by his son Ilham Aliyev (2003–)

• Congo-Kinshasa: Laurent-Désiré Kabila (1997–2001), succeeded by his son Joseph Kabila (2001–). Joseph Kabila was democratically elected in October 2006.

Indirect successions

• Republic of China (from 1949 on Taiwan): Chiang Kai-shek (1928–1975) indirectly succeeded by his son Chiang Ching-kuo (1978–1988)
• Chechnya: Akhmad Kadyrov (2000–2004) indirectly succeeded by his son Ramzan Kadyrov (since 2007)

Unsuccessful transitions of power

• Dominican Republic: Rafael Trujillo (de facto 1930-1961, with brother Héctor serving as figurehead president 1952-1960), nominally succeeded by his son Ramfis Trujillo for a few months in 1961; Ramfis failed to fully consolidate his power over the country and was overthrown.

Potential successions

• Equatorial Guinea: It is rumored that president Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo's son Teodoro Nguema Obiang is his father's favorite to succeed him. However, it is suspected that a power struggle between the younger Teodoro and his uncle Armengol Ondo Nguema might occur after the president's death.
• Kazakhstan: Analysts believe long-time president Nursultan Nazarbayev has been preparing his daughter Dariga Nazarbayeva to succeed him. Recently however, relations between the two have deteriorated because of criticism she sometimes expresses of her father's government.

See also

• List of political families

External links

• Dynasties of the ex-USSR