Far right

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Far right, extreme right, hard right, ultra-right or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. The terms far right and far left are often used to imply that someone is an extremist. The terms are used by many political commentators to discuss political groups, movements, and political parties in order to concentrate complex ideas into simple categories then stereotype and discourage challenges to the status-quo.

The terms extreme right or ultra right are used by some scholars to discuss only those right-wing political groups that step outside the boundaries of traditional electoral politics. This generally includes the revolutionary right, militant racial supremacists and religious extremists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and Klansmen. In this usage, the terms are distinct from other forms of right-wing politics such as the less-militant sectors of the far right, right-wing populists.[1]

The term far right has been used by different scholars in at least two somewhat conflicting ways:[2]

  1. Reform-oriented right-wing movements or rightist factions of conservative political parties. These are sometimes called the dissident right, activist right, or right-wing populism. They are positioned between traditional conservatives and the extreme right. These participants are found outside mainstream electoral politics, but they generally produce a movement of reform rather than revolution.
  2. Neo-fascists and neo-Nazis are usually labeled extreme right or ultra right. Such groups are generally revolutionary in character rather than reformist. Neo-Nazi and Neo-fascist literally means "new Nazi" and "new fascist", implying that they are from the period following World War II.

These categories are not universally accepted, and other uses exist, making comparative use of the term complicated.

Contents

[edit] Etymology

 This article may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (September 2007)
See also: Left-Right politics

The political terms left and right arose during the French Revolution, the term far right originally referred to throne-and-altar monarchists such as Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald.[citation needed] The original French meaning of far right is specific to a Roman Catholic nation, and more specifically to a Gallican society in which church and state were closely tied to one another. In this context, the term can be expanded to include the kind of Caesaropapism that occasionally existed in some Eastern Orthodox kingdoms. This specific interpretation of the term far right lost favour in the decades following the Revolutions of 1848, as a return to the Ancien Régime became increasingly implausible. By the reign of Pope Pius XI, this interpretation of far right had essentially become anachronistic even in conservative Catholic circles.

[edit] Usage

The term far right has been used by different scholars in conflicting ways.[3] The term far right is mostly used to describe fascism, Nazism and other ultra-nationalist as well as reactionary ideologies and movements.[4][5][6][7] The BBC has called politician Pim Fortuyn's politics (Fortuynism) far right because of his policies on immigration and Muslims.[8] The term far right has been used by some, such as National Public Radio, to describe certain authoritarian governments that promote free market capitalism, such as that of Augusto Pinochet in Chile.[9][10] Radical left-wing publication New Left Review has called Ronald Reagan's policies "radical right".[11] The term radical right has also been used to refer to "a libertarian movement which places the individual squarely in the center" and has "even attacked such sacred taboos as taxation".[12]

The US Department of Homeland Security defines right-wing extremism as hate groups who target racial, ethnic or religious minorities and may be dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration.[13]

[edit] Alleged far right organizations

[edit] Africa

[edit] Europe

[edit] North America

[edit] South America

[edit] Asia

[edit] Australia

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000
  2. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.
  3. ^ Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.
  4. ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=YYdTvMmSYpEC&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=5Kjou7UerL&sig=K9uamjo6ogLg5lBlPkF7YbrjcJ4&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result
  5. ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=Ual1NR2WPasC&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=K5bdSeB96U&sig=RC-_zQR3OGeCIj0c4vJv6EEHgAk&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPR7,M1
  6. ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=sVZ8EUvJjJ4C&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=SMPfNA8ixk&sig=c_rZ76IsxCm_Kb959LzCekTHYek&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result#PPR5,M1
  7. ^ http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=JcJ5nr2MZfUC&dq=%22far+right%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=Y5MrmJz8lV&sig=GdDOAIrzoMgANd0XM1dDeMfnKa0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
  8. ^ Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick, BBC
  9. ^ "A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth". 2006-09-14. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233. Retrieved on 2007-10-15. 
  10. ^ Who funds and runs the Politico? - Glenn Greenwald - Salon.com
  11. ^ Alan Wolfe: Sociology, Liberalism, and the Radical Right. New Left Review
  12. ^ The Radical Right, reprinted from The Gargoyle, February 1971
  13. ^ Rightwing Extremism: current economic and political climate fueling resurgence in radicalization and recruitment
  14. ^ a b Mahony, Honor (2007-01-09). "Far-right group formed in European Parliament". EUobserver. http://euobserver.com/9/23223. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. 
  15. ^ a b Traynor, Ian (2007-01-08). "Romania's first gift to the European Union - a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/eu/story/0,,1984947,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=1. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. 
  16. ^ "Rechtsaußenfraktion im EU-Parliament kommt". Der Standard. 2007-01-05. http://derstandard.at/?url=/?id=2709523. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. (German)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ignazi, Piero (1997), "The Extreme Right in Europe", in Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard, The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties, London: Peter Cass 
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Mudde, Cas (2000). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. 
  19. ^ Far-right party shows surprising strength in Austrian vote, CNN, October 3, 1999.
  20. ^ Cynthia M. Frank, The Impact of Electoral Engineering on Nationalist Parties in Post-War States, master's thesis (Georgia State University). Accessed 16 February 2007.
  21. ^ Jasenovac - Donja Gradina: Industry of Death 1941-45
  22. ^ Povijest i program
  23. ^ Ante Pavelic killer file
  24. ^ German Far Right Exploiting Reform Anger | Current Affairs | Deutsche Welle | 10.09.2004
  25. ^ BBC NEWS | Europe | German far right unites for polls
  26. ^ ENF gathers in Athens from the European National Front website.
  27. ^ September 18 2007, The Guardian
  28. ^ September 18 2007, The Age quoting Los Angeles Times, Reuters
  29. ^ September 17 2007, New York Times
  30. ^ September 16 2007, Washington Post
  31. ^ Return to (illiberal) diversity? - p. 9
  32. ^ Informaworld - Portugal: A New Look At The Extreme Right
  33. ^ The Virtual and Global Social Democratic Party - Political Exchange World-wide: List of Extreme Right-wing & Left-wing Parties
  34. ^ Southeast Europe Portal - Serbia: Local Elections 2004 Results
  35. ^ Guardian: Extreme nationalist elected speaker of Serbian parliament
  36. ^ Boston.com news article: Milosevic ally gains key Serbian post
  37. ^ Rydgren, Jens. "Radical Right-wing Populism in Sweden and Denmark". The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society. http://hsf.bgu.ac.il/europe/index.aspx?pgid=pg_127842651505941456. Retrieved on 2006-05-25. 
  38. ^ Schweizer Demokraten vor der Auflösung, NZZ Online (2007), "facing dissolution".
  39. ^ British National Party: Nasty, brutish and short-lived?, The Economist, August 5, 2004.
  40. ^ Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right–Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford.
  41. ^ http://www.americanpatriotparty.cc
  42. ^ "Police deny Shiv Sena arrest rumours". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/south_asia/842293.stm. 
  43. ^ "Indian MPs elect far-right speaker". http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/south_asia/1979275.stm. 
  44. ^ "Riot fears in Bombay after arrest of extremist leader". http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4988316.ece. 
  45. ^ "Arrest of political leader sparks protests in Mumbai". http://uk.news.yahoo.com/22/20081021/tpl-uk-india-arrest-81f3b62.html. 
  46. ^ "Indian police arrest head of rightwing group". http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dfa71f8a-9f41-11dd-a3fa-000077b07658.html. 
  47. ^ "Currently Listed Entities". Public Safety Canada. 2006-11-06. http://www.ps-sp.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#kach26. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. 
  48. ^ a b Ya’ari, Ehud (June 1987). "Behind the Terror". Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/87jun/yaari.htm. "[The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion." 
  49. ^ a b Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195060229. http://books.google.com/books?id=J3PsAb1uV94C. "The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins." 
  50. ^ a b Rolland, John C. (2003). Lebanon. Nova Publishers. ISBN 1590338715. http://books.google.com/books?id=-JVOKeNkllgC. "[The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika." 
  51. ^ a b Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1860647154. http://books.google.com/books?id=Zydtz0dDntQC. "Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christan past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation." 
  52. ^ a b Becker, Jillian (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297785478. http://books.google.com/books?id=sgu7AAAAIAAJ&q=SSNP+swastika&dq=SSNP+swastika&pgis=1. "[The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah." 
  53. ^ a b Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya (1966). The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Harvard University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=98tBAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party:+An+Ideological+Analysis&dq=The+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party:+An+Ideological+Analysis&pgis=1. 
  54. ^ Simon, Reeva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0028960114. http://books.google.com/books?id=vKptAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party%22+nazi&dq=%22Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party%22+nazi&pgis=1. "The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies." 
  55. ^ "Top Judge's Ouster Shakes Pakistan, Washington Post". 27. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031600608.html. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. 
  56. ^ Australia First: reclaiming the agenda, The Age, December 14, 2005.
  57. ^ Fascist Australia, The Age, August 24, 2004.
  58. ^ Minority group in TV hijacking, The Australian, July 14, 2007.

[edit] References

  • Arzheimer, Kai and Elisabeth Carter (2006). "Political Opportunity Structures and Right-Wing Extremist Party Success" European Journal of Political Research (45):419-443
  • Betz, Hans-Georg and Stefan Immerfall, eds. 1998. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St. Martins Press.
  • Durham, Martin (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
  • Durham, Martin (2002). "From Imperium to Internet: the National Alliance and the American Extreme Right" Patterns of Prejudice 36(3), (July): 50-61.
  • Hainsworth, Paul (2000). The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream. London: Pinter.
  • Schoenbaum, David. Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany,. ISBN
  • Formisano, Ronald P. (2005). "Interpreting Right-Wing or Reactionary Neo-Populism: A Critique". Journal of Policy History 17 (2): 241–255. doi:10.1353/jph.2005.0010. 
  • Radical conservatism : the right's political religion / Robert Brent Toplin., 2006
  • Radical conservatism and the future of politics / Göran Dahl., 1999
  • Fascists and conservatives : the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe / Martin Blinkhorn., 1990
  • The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right / Peter Davies., 2002
  • The terrorist next door : the militia movement and the radical right / Daniel Levitas., 2002
  • Right-wing populism in America : too close for comfort / Chip Berlet & Matthew N. Lyons, 2000
  • The extreme right : freedom and security at risk / Aurel Braun., 1997
  • The impact of radical right-wing parties in West European democracies / Michelle Hale Williams., 2006
  • Right-wing extremism in the twenty-first century / Peter Merkl., 2003
  • Extreme right parties in Western Europe / Piero Ignazi., 2003
  • The United States and right-wing dictatorships, 1965-1989 / David Schmitz., 2006
  • The emergence of a Euro-American radical right / Jeffrey Kaplan., 1998
  • The politics of the extreme right : from the margins to the mainstream / Paul Hainsworth., 2000
  • The revival of right-wing extremism in the nineties / Peter Merkl., 1997
  • Shadows over Europe : the development and impact of the extreme right in Western Europe / Martin Schain., 2002
  • Western democracies and the new extreme right challenge / Roger Eatwell., 2004
  • The voice of modern hatred : encounters with Europe's new right / Nicholas Fraser., 2000
  • Extreme right activists in Europe : through the magnifying glass / Bert Klandermans., 2006
  • Preachers of hate : the rise of the far right / Angus Roxburgh., 2002
  • Movements of exclusion : radical right-wing populism in the Western world / Jens Rydgren., 2005

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_right"
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