Federico García Lorca

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This is a Spanish name; the first family name is García and the second is Lorca.
Federico García Lorca

García Lorca in 1914.
Born June 5, 1898(1898-06-05)
Fuente Vaqueros, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
Died August 19, 1936 (aged 38)
Near Alfacar, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
Occupation dramatist, poet, theatre director
Nationality Spanish
Writing period Modernism
Literary movement Surrealism

Federico García Lorca (Spanish pronunciation: [feðeˈɾiko ɣarˈθia ˈlorka]) (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He was murdered at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War[1] by persons likely affiliated with the Nationalist cause. He is thought to be one of the many victims who 'disappeared' and were executed by the Nationalists.[2][3] In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation of García Lorca's death and his family dropped objections to the excavation of his possible grave.[4]

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] As a young writer

His time at Granada's Arts Club furnished him with influential associations that would prove useful following his move, in 1919, to the Residencia de estudiantes in Madrid. Here he would befriend Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí and many other artists who were, or would become, influential across Spain. In Madrid, he met Gregorio Martínez Sierra, the Director of Madrid's Teatro Eslava. In 1919-20, at Sierra's invitation, he wrote and staged his first play, El maleficio de la mariposa . It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was laughed off stage by an unappreciative public after only four performances and influenced García Lorca's attitude to the theatre-going public for the rest of his career. He would later claim that Mariana Pineda, written in 1927, was, in fact, his first play.

Over the next few years García Lorca became increasingly involved in Spain's avant-garde. He published poetry collections including Canciones (Songs) and Romancero Gitano (translated as Gypsy Ballads, 1928), his best known book of poetry. His second play Mariana Pineda, with stage settings by Dalí, opened to great acclaim in Barcelona in 1927.

In 1926, García Lorca wrote the play The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife which would not be shown until the early 1930s. It was a farce about fantasy, based on the relationship between a flirtatious, petulant wife and a hen-pecked shoemaker.

From 1925 to 1928 he was passionately involved with Salvador Dalí.[5] The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion,[6] but Dalí rejected the erotic advances of the poet.[7] Towards the end of the 1920s, García Lorca became increasingly depressed, a situation exacerbated by his anguish over his homosexuality. The success of Romancero Gitano intensified a painful and personal dichotomy : he was trapped between the persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could only acknowledge in private.

Growing estrangement between García Lorca and his closest friends reached its climax when surrealists Dalí and Luis Buñuel collaborated on their 1929 film Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). García Lorca interpreted it, perhaps erroneously, as a vicious attack upon himself and the film ended García Lorca's affair with Dalí. At this time Dalí also met his future wife Gala. His intensely passionate but fatally one-sided affair with the sculptor Emilio Aladrén was also collapsing as the latter became involved with his future wife. Aware of these problems (though not perhaps of their causes), García Lorca's family arranged for him to take a lengthy visit to the United States in 1929-30.

While in America, García Lorca stayed mostly in New York City, where he studied briefly at Columbia University School of General Studies. His collection Poeta en Nueva York explores alienation and isolation through some graphically experimental poetic techniques. His Play El Público (The Public) was not published until the late 1970s and has never been published in its entirety (the manuscript is lost).

Lorca kept Huerta de San Vicente as his summer house in Granada from 1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major works, among them When Five Years Pass (Así que pasen cinco años (1931), Blood Wedding (Bodas de sangre) (1932), Yerma (1934) and Diván del Tamarit (1931-1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936.[8]

Although García Lorca's artwork doesn't often receive attention he was also a keen artist.[9][10]

[edit] The Republic

Great Theater of Havana Garcia Lorca, in Havana

His return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the re-establishment of the Spanish Republic. In 1931, García Lorca was appointed as director of a university student theatre company, Teatro Universitario la Barraca (The Shack). This was funded by the Second Republic's Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's remotest rural areas in order to introduce audiences to radically modern interpretations of classic Spanish theatre. As well as directing, García Lorca also acted. While touring with La Barraca, he wrote his now best-known plays, the Rural Trilogy of Bodas de Sangre (Blood Wedding), Yerma and La Casa de Bernarda Alba (The House of Bernarda Alba). He distilled his theories on artistic creation and performance in a famous lecture Play and Theory of the Duende, first given in Buenos Aires in 1933. García Lorca argued that great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a nation's soil, and an acknowledgment of the limitations of reason.[11] The group's subsidy was cut in half by the new government in 1934, and la Barraca's last performance was given in April 1936.

[edit] The Spanish Civil War and Lorca's death

García Lorca left Madrid for Granada only three days before the Spanish Civil War broke out (July 1936). The Spanish political and social climate had greatly intensified after the murder of prominent monarchist and anti-Popular Front spokesman José Calvo Sotelo by Republican Assault Guards (Guardia de Asalto).[12] García Lorca was aware that he was heading towards a city held to be the most conservative in Andalusia. On August 18 (a month after the military insurrection had broken out) his brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, the socialist mayor of Granada, was shot. Lorca was arrested that same afternoon.[13]

It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia on 19 August 1936. The writer Ian Gibson in his book The Assassination of Garcia Lorca states that he was shot with three others (naming Joaquin Arcollas Cabezas, Francisco Galadi Mergal and Dioscoro Galindo Gonzalez as fellow victims) at a place known as the Fuente Grande, or Fountain of Tears in Arabic, which is on the road between Viznar and Alfacar.

Significant controversy remains about the motives and details of his death. Personal, non-political motives have also been suggested. García Lorca's biographer, Stainton, states that his killers made remarks about his sexuality, suggesting that it played a role in his death.[14] Ian Gibson states that García Lorca´s assassination was part of a campaign of mass executions directed to eliminate all the supporters of the Popular Front.[13] Gibson proposes that it is likely that rivalry between right wing groups was a major factor in his death; Former CEDA Parliamentary Deputy, Ramon Ruiz Alonso not only arrested García Lorca at the Rosales' home, but also the one responsible for the original denunciation that led to the arrest warrant being issued.

It has been argued that García Lorca was apolitical and had many friends in both Republican and Nationalist camps. Gibson questions this in his 1978 book on the poet's death.[13] He cites, for example, Mundo Obrero's published manifesto, which Lorca later signed, indicating he was an active supporter of the (left wing) Popular Front [15]. Lorca read this manifesto out at a banquet in honour of fellow poet Rafael Alberti on 9 February 1936.

It is beyond question that other anti-communist poets were sympathetic to Lorca or assisted him; Roy Campbell for example translated his work.

In the days before his arrest he found shelter in the house of the artist and leading (right wing) Falange member, Luis Ortiz Rosales. Indeed, evidence suggests that Rosales was very nearly shot as well for helping García Lorca by the Civil Governor Valdes.

The Basque poet and Communist Gabriel Celaya wrote in his memoirs that he once found García Lorca in the company of Falangist José Maria Aizpurua. Celaya wrote that Lorca dined with Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera every Friday.[16] On March 11, 1937 an article appeared in the Falangist press criticizing the murder and lionizing García Lorca; the article opened: "The finest poet of Imperial Spain has been assassinated."[17] There was also the 'homosexual jealousy' theory that was published by Jean-Louis Schonberg,[18].

The dossier on the murder, compiled at Franco's request, and referred to by Gibson and others has yet to surface.

The olive tree near Alfacar, where García Lorca was shot, as it was in 1999. Many people have left quotations from his works in its branches.[19]

Jan Morris[20] describes how García Lorca foretold his own fate

"Then I realised I had been murdered. They looked for me in cafes, cemeteries and churches .... but they did not find me. They never found me? No. They never found me."

[edit] Following his death

[edit] Banned works

Franco's Falangist regime placed a general ban on García Lorca's work, which was not rescinded until 1953. That year, a (censored) Obras Completas (Complete works) was released. Following this, Bodas de Sangre Blood Wedding, Yerma and La casa de Bernarda Alba were successfully played in the main Spanish stages. Obras Completas did not include his late heavily homoerotic Sonnets of Dark Love, written in November 1935 and shared only with close friends. They were lost until 1983/4 when they were finally published in draft form (no final manuscripts have ever been found.) It was only after Franco's death in 1975 that García Lorca's life and death could be openly discussed in Spain. This was due, not only to political censorship, but also to the reluctance of the García Lorca family to allow publication of unfinished poems and plays prior to the publication of a critical edition of his works.

[edit] Exhumation

In September 2008, following long-standing objection, the Lorca family gave their permission for the exhumation of a gorge, thought to be the location of Garcia Lorca's grave.[21][22] Lorca is understood to be buried in a mass grave and many of the victims' relatives have petitioned for remains to be identified and given a formal burial. Laura García Lorca, the poet's niece, stated "we understand the desire of a family to recover the remains of their relatives and give them proper burials. [But] for our family it is preferable that he (Lorca) stay there. He is in good company." (Associated Press) [22] She said the family thought the gorge near Granada - where thousands are believed to have been murdered - "should be protected for the cemetery that it is, a testimony to the terrible crimes committed under Franco and the repression". She added that the government should not "adopt a partial, individualized solution, which, by praising the memory of some ... condemns others to oblivion." (Associated Press) .[23] In October 2009 Francisco Espinola, a spokesman for the Justice Ministry of the Andalusian regional government, said that after years of pressure García Lorca's "body will be exhumed in a matter of weeks".[23] The family would need to provide a DNA sample in order to identify specific remains. As of October 2009 it is unclear, even unlikely, that they would give such permission. The BBC suggest that the case reflects a growing desire in Spain to come to terms with the civil war, which for decades was not openly discussed. The presiding judge in the case, Judge Garzon, formally requested local government and churches to open their files on the thousands of people who disappeared during the 1936-1939 war, and under the dictatorship of General Franco until 1975.[22]

[edit] Memorials

Today, García Lorca is honored by a statue prominently located in Madrid's Plaza de Santa Ana. Political philosopher David Crocker reports that "the statue, at least, is still an emblem of the contested past: "each day, the Left puts a red kerchief on the neck of the statue, and someone from the Right comes later to take it off."[24]

The Lorca Foundation, directed by Lorca's niece Laura García Lorca, sponsors the celebration and dissemination of the writer's work and is currently building the Lorca Centre in Madrid. The Lorca family gave all Lorca's documentation to the foundation which holds it on their behalf.[25]

The García Lorca family summer home at Huerta de San Vicente was opened to the public in 1995 as a museum. The grounds, including nearly two hectares of land, the two adjoining houses, artworks and the original furnishings have been preserved.[26]

[edit] Major works

[edit] Poetry

  • Impresiones y paisajes ("Impressions and Landscapes", 1918)
  • Poema del cante jondo ("Poem of Deep Song", written 1921 but not published until 1931)
  • Libro de poemas ("Book of Poems", 1921)
  • Oda a Salvador Dalí ("Ode to Salvador Dalí", 1926)
  • Canción de jinete ("Horseman's Song", 1927)
  • Primer romancero gitano ("Gypsy Ballads", 1928)
  • Poeta en Nueva York (1930, published posthumously in 1940, first translation into English as The Poet in New York, 1940)[27]
  • Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías ("Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías", 1935)
  • Seis poemas gallegos ("Six Galician poems", 1935)
  • Diván del Tamarit ("The Diván of Tamarit", 1936, published posthumously in 1941)
  • Sonetos del amor oscuro ("Sonnets of Dark Love", 1936)
  • Primeras canciones ("First Songs", 1936)

[edit] Theatre

v • d • e
The plays of Federico García Lorca
Lorca CloseUp.jpg

[edit] Short plays

  • El paseo de Buster Keaton ("Buster Keaton goes for a stroll", 1928)
  • La doncella, el marinero y el estudiante ("The Maiden, the Sailor and the Student", 1928)
  • Quimera ("Dream", 1928)

[edit] Filmscripts

  • Viaje a la luna ("Trip to the Moon", 1929)

[edit] Drawings and paintings

  • Salvador Dalí, 1925 160x140mm. Ink and colored pencil on paper. Private collection, Barcelona, Spain
  • Bust of a Dead Man, 1932. Ink and colored pencil on paper. dimension and location unknown.

[edit] Select translations

[edit] Works about Lorca

Statue of Lorca in the Plaza de Santa Ana, Madrid

[edit] Criticism

[edit] Poetry

  • Greek poet Nikos Kavvadias's poem Federico García Lorca, in Kavvadias' Marabu collection, is dedicated to the memory of García Lorca and juxtaposes his death with war crimes in the village of Distomo, Greece, where the Nazis executed over two hundred people.
  • American poet Allen Ginsberg's hallucinatory poem A Supermarket in California includes García Lorca: "and you, García Lorca, what were you doing down by the watermelons?".
  • Hungarian poet Miklós Radnóti also wrote a poem about García Lorca in 1937 under the title Federico García Lorca.[28]
  • Spanish language poet Giannina Braschi of New York wrote a treatise on Federico García Lorca, Breve tratado del poeta artista (Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, 1986). She later published El imperio de los sueños as a poetic homage to Poet in New York (1st edition: Anthropos editorial del hombre, 1988; 2nd edition: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico).
  • Poet Charles Bukowski refers to García Lorca in several of his poems including Junk, To Weep and Style, which was written for a film based on his poetry, Tales of Ordinary Madness, directed by Marco Ferreri.
  • Bob Kaufman and Gary Mex Glazner have both written tribute poems entitled Lorca.
  • Seamus Heaney also referred to García Lorca in Summer 1969 line 17.
  • Harold Norse has a poem, We Bumped Off Your Friend the Poet, inspired by a review of Ian Gibson's Death of Lorca. The poem first appeared in Hotel Nirvana,[29] and more recently in In the Hub of the Fiery Force, Collected Poems of Harold Norse 1934-2003[30]
  • The Spanish poet Antonio Machado wrote the poem El Crimen Fue en Granada, in reference to García Lorca's death.
  • The Turkish poet Turgut Uyar wrote the poem Three Poems For Federico García Lorca including a line in Spanish:obra completas
  • The Irish poet Michael Hartnett published an English translation of García Lorca's poetry. García Lorca is also a recurring character in much of Hartnett's poetry, most notably in the poem A Farewell to English..
  • Deep image, a poetic form coined by Jerome Rothenberg and Robert Kelly, is inspired by García Lorca's Deep Song.
  • Vietnamese poet Thanh Thao wrote The guitar of Lorca and was set to music by Thanh Tung.
  • A Canadian poet named John Mackenzie published several poems inspired by García Lorca in his collection Letters I Didn't Write, including one titled Lorca's Lament.
  • In 1945, Greek poet Odysseas Elytis (Nobel Prize for Literature, 1979) translated and published part of García Lorca's Romancero Gitano.[31]

[edit] Music

  • Mexican composer Silvestre Revueltas composed Homenaje a Federico García Lorca (a 3 movement work for chamber orchestra) shortly after García Lorca's death, performing the work in Spain during 1937.[32]
  • The Italian avantgarde composer Luigi Nono wrote a composition in 1953 entitled 'Epitaffio per Federico García Lorca'.
  • García Lorca is mentioned in The Clash song 'Spanish Bombs' from their London Calling album in the lines "Oh please leave the ventana open, Federico Lorca is dead and gone".
  • The American composer George Crumb utilizes much of García Lorca's poetry in works such as his Ancient Voices of Children, his four books of Madrigals, and parts of his Makrokosmos.
  • Composer Osvaldo Golijov and playwright David Henry Hwang wrote the one-act opera Ainadamar ("Fountain of Tears") about the death of García Lorca, recalled years later by his friend the actress Margarita Xirgu, who could not save him. It opened in 2003, with a revised version in 2005. A recording of the work released in 2006 on the Deutsche Grammophon label (Catalog #642902) won the 2007 Grammy awards for Best Classical Contemporary Composition and Best Opera Recording.
  • Finnish modernist composer Einojuhani Rautavaara has composed Suite de Lorca ("Lorca-sarja") for a mixed choir to the lyrics of García Lorca's poems Canción de jinete, El grito, La luna asoma and Malagueña (1972).
  • The Pogues dramatically retell the story of his murder in the song 'Lorca's Novena' on their Hell's Ditch album.
  • Reginald Smith Brindle: El Polifemo de Oro quattro frammenti per chitarra
  • Composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote the first two movements of his 14th Symphony based around García Lorca poems.
  • The French composer Maurice Ohana set what some regard as García Lorca's finest poem - Lament for the death of a Bullfighter (Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías) - to music in a stark, dramatic setting recorded by the famous conductor Ataúlfo Argenta in the 1950s
  • Spanish rock band Marea made a rock version of the poem Romance de la Guardia Civil española, named "Ciudad de los Gitanos".
  • The Bakerton Group, a blues jam band and side project of the members of the rock band Clutch, includes the García Lorca poem "Nocturno Esquematico" in the cover art of their 2008 album "El Rojo."
  • In 1968, Joan Baez sang translated renditions of García Lorca's poems, "Gacela Of The Dark Death" and "Casida of the Lament" on her spoken-word poetry album, Baptism.
  • In 1986, Leonard Cohen's English translation of the poem "Pequeño vals vienés" by García Lorca reached #1 in the Spanish single charts (as "Take This Waltz", music by Cohen). Cohen has described García Lorca as being his idol in his youth, and named his daughter Lorca Cohen for that reason.[33]
  • Richard Daniel Roman's song "Noche De Amantes" from Lorena Rojas' 2001 album "Como Yo No Hay Ninguna" is dedicated to García Lorca.
  • In 1967, composer Mikis Theodorakis set seven poems of Romancero Gitano - translated into Greek by Odysseas Elitis in 1945 - to music, under the same title, and was premiered in Rome in 1970. In 1981 it was orchestrated as a symphonic work for alto, choir, solo guitar and orchestra, with the title Lorca, under commission of the Komische Oper in Berlin. In the middle of the 90's, Theodorakis rearranged the work as an instrumental piece for guitar and symphony orchestra, with the guitarist acting as commentator.[34]

[edit] Theatre, film and television

  • Playwright Nilo Cruz wrote the surrealistic drama Lorca in a Green Dress about the life, death, and imagined afterlife of García Lorca. The play was first performed in 2003 at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.
  • British playwright Peter Straughan wrote a play (later adapted as a radio play) based on García Lorca's life, The Ghost of Federico Garcia Lorca Which Can Also Be Used as a Table.
  • TVE broadcast a six hour mini-series based on key episodes on García Lorca's life in 1987. British actor Nickolas Grace played the poet, although he was dubbed by a Spanish actor.
  • There is also a film called The Disappearance of Garcia Lorca (1997), also known as Death in Granada.
  • Miguel Hermoso's La Luz Prodigiosa ('The End of a Mystery') is a Spanish film based on Fernando Macías' novel with the same name, which examines what might have happened if García Lorca had survived his execution at the outset of the Spanish Civil War.
  • In the movie Waking Life (2001) Timothy "Speed" Levitch's character says "On this bridge," Lorca warns, "life is not a dream." Beware and beware and...beware.", a reference to 'City That Does Not Sleep'.
  • British Screenwriter Philippa Goslett was inspired by García Lorca's close friendship with Salvador Dalí. The resulting biopic Little Ashes (2009) depicts the relationship in the 1920s and 1930s between García Lorca, Dalí, and Luis Buñuel.[35]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Ian Gibson, The Assassination of Federico Garcia Lorca. Penguin (1983) ISBN 0140064737; Michael Wood, "The Lorca Murder Case", The New York Review of Books, Vol. 24, No. 19 (November 24, 1977); José Luis Vila-San-Juan, García Lorca, Asesinado: Toda la verdad Barcelona, Editorial Planeta (1975) ISBN 8432056103
  2. ^ Reuters, "Spanish judge opens case into Franco's atrocities", International Herald Tribune (October 16, 2008)
  3. ^ Estefania, Rafael (2006-08-18). "Poet's death still troubles Spain". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5262420.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-14. 
  4. ^ "Lorca family to allow exhumation". BBC. 2008-09-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7624887.stm. Retrieved 2009-05-28. 
  5. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "From 1925 to 1928, García Lorca was passionately involved with Salvador Dalí. The intensity of their relationship led García Lorca to acknowledge, if not entirely accept, his own homosexuality."
  6. ^ For more in-depth information about the Lorca-Dalí connection see Lorca-Dalí: el amor que no pudo ser and The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí, both by Ian Gibson.
  7. ^ Bosquet, Alain, Conversations with Dalí, 1969. p. 19–20. (PDF format) (of Garcia Lorca) 'S.D.:He was homosexual, as everyone knows, and madly in love with me. He tried to screw me twice .... I was extremely annoyed, because I wasn’t homosexual, and I wasn’t interested in giving in. Besides, it hurts. So nothing came of it. But I felt awfully flattered vis-à-vis the prestige. Deep down I felt that he was a great poet and that I owe him a tiny bit of the Divine Dalí's asshole.'
  8. ^ http://www.huertadesanvicente.com/e_pre_huerta.php
  9. ^ Cecilia J. Cavanaugh "Lorca's Drawings And Poems",
  10. ^ Mario Hernandez "Line of Light and Shadow" (trans) 383 drawings
  11. ^ Arriving Where We Started by Barbara Probst, 1998 — she interviewed surviving FUE/Barraca members in Paris.
  12. ^ Zhooee, TIME Magazine, July 20, 1936
  13. ^ a b c Gibson, Ian (1996) (in Spanish). El assasinato de García Lorca. Barcelona: Plaza & Janes. pp. 255. ISBN 9788466313148. 
  14. ^ See Stainton, Lorca: A Dream of Life.
  15. ^ Gibson, Ian (1996) (in Spanish). El assasinato de García Lorca. Barcelona: Plaza & Janes. pp. 52. ISBN 9788466313148. 
  16. ^ Arnaud Imatz, "La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca" 2009 40 NRH, 31-34, at p. 31-2, quoting from the Memoirs. 
  17. ^ Luis Hurtado Alvarez, Unidad (11 March 1937)
  18. ^ "Frederico Garcia Lorca. L'homme - L'oeuvre" 1956 (Paris, Plon). 
  19. ^ Gibson, Ian Lorca's Granada ISBN 0571164897
  20. ^ Jan Morris Spain", p.48
  21. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/world/europe/16iht-spain.4.17025619.html
  22. ^ a b c http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:5iGE7K35bfsJ:news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7620000/newsid_7624800/7624887.stm+Laura+%22Garc%C3%ADa+Lorca+foundation&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk
  23. ^ a b http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jwMqZMBFgUT-1WovIPfURB5871swD9B5288O1
  24. ^ Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs
  25. ^ http://www.garcia-lorca.org/LaFundacion/QuienesSomos.aspx
  26. ^ http://www.huertadesanvicente.com
  27. ^ Encyclopedia of literary translation into English
  28. ^ Radnóti Miklós: Erõletett Menet (Válogatott Versek) at the National Széchényi Library
  29. ^ Hotel Nirvana, San Francisco, City Lights (1974) ISBN 0872860787
  30. ^ In the Hub of the Fiery Force, Collected Poems of Harold Norse 1934-2003, New York: Thunder's Mouth Press (2003) ISBN 1-56025-520-X
  31. ^ ...in 1945, Elytis wrote Tetradio = Notebook where he translated poems from Frederico [sic] Garcia Lorca... http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/NewLiteratur/OdysseasElytis.html
  32. ^ Program Notes at the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra
  33. ^ de Lisle, T. (n.d.) Hallelujah: 70 things about Leonard Cohen at 70
  34. ^ “The Concert-rhapsody for Solo-guitar and Orchestra in seven parts stands in the end of a long musical confrontation”, article by Andreas Brandes, posted on 11.08.2004 at the Mikis Theodorakis Home Page http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/283/1/46/ . See also Gail Holst’s article at http://www.mikis-theodorakis.net/lorca-e1.htm as well as Romanos Editions section on Theodorakis' works at http://romanos.mikistheodorakis.gr/work/work_en.htm
  35. ^ Ian Gibson, La represión nacionalista de Granada en 1936 y la muerte de Federico García Lorca (1971), Guía de la Granada de Federico García Lorca (1989), Vida, pasión y muerte de Federico García Lorca (1998), Lorca-Dalí, el amor que no pudo ser (1999).

[edit] Sources

[edit] External links

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