Felix Hausdorff
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| Felix Hausdorff | |
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| Born | November 8, 1868 Breslau, Germany |
| Died | January 26, 1942 (aged 73) Bonn, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Bonn, University of Greifswald |
| Alma mater | University of Leipzig |
| Doctoral advisor | Heinrich Bruns Adolph Mayer |
| Doctoral students | Karl Bögel Franz Hallenbach Gustav Steinbach |
| Known for | Hausdorff measure Hausdorff dimension |
Felix Hausdorff (November 8, 1868 – January 26, 1942) was a German mathematician who is considered to be one of the founders of modern topology and who contributed significantly to set theory, descriptive set theory, measure theory, function theory, and functional analysis.
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Life [edit]
Hausdorff studied at the University of Leipzig, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1891. He taught mathematics in Leipzig until 1910, when he became professor of mathematics at the University of Bonn. He was professor at the University of Greifswald from 1913 to 1921. He then returned to Bonn. When the Nazis came to power, Hausdorff, who was Jewish, felt that as a respected university professor he would be spared from persecution. However, his abstract mathematics was denounced as "Jewish", useless, and "un-German"[citation needed] and he lost his position in 1935. Though he could no longer publish in Germany, Hausdorff continued to be an active research mathematician, publishing in the Polish journal Fundamenta Mathematicae.
After Kristallnacht in 1938 as persecution of Jews escalated, Hausdorff became more and more isolated. He wrote to George Pólya requesting a research fellowship in the United States, but these efforts came to nothing.[1]
Finally, in 1942 when he could no longer avoid being sent to a concentration camp, Hausdorff committed suicide together with his wife, Charlotte Goldschmidt Hausdorff, and sister-in-law, Edith Goldschmidt Pappenheim,[2] on 26 January. They are buried in Bonn, Germany.
Work [edit]
Hausdorff was the first to state a generalization of Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis; his Aleph Hypothesis, which appears in his 1908 article Grundzüge einer Theorie der geordneten Mengen, and which is equivalent to what is now called the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis.
In 1909, while studying partially ordered sets of real sequences, he stated what is now known as the Hausdorff Maximal Principle; he was the first to apply a maximal principle in algebra.
In his 1914 classic text, Grundzüge der Mengenlehre, he defined and studied partially ordered sets abstractly; using the Axiom of Choice, he proved that every partially ordered set has a maximal linearly ordered subset. In this same book, he axiomatized the topological concept of neighborhood and introduced the topological spaces that are now called Hausdorff spaces.
In 1914 using the Axiom of Choice, he gave a "paradoxical" decomposition of the 2-sphere as the disjoint union of four sets A, B, C, and Q, where Q is countable and the sets A, B, C, and B ∪ C are mutually congruent. This later inspired the Banach–Tarski paradoxical decomposition of the ball in 3-space.
He introduced the concepts now called Hausdorff measure and Hausdorff dimension, which have been useful in the theory of fractals. In analysis, he solved what is now called the Hausdorff moment problem. In addition, Hausdorff spaces are named after him, as is the Hausdorff distance on the collection of nonempty closed subsets of a metric space.
Hausdorff also published philosophical and literary works under the pseudonym "Paul Mongré". "Paul Mongre" published a number of books and articles on the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as a number of reviews of contemporary literature and drama. Mongre-Hausdorff also published a satirical play which performed in a dozen German cities. In the course of attempts to refute Nietzsche's doctrine of "the eternal return of the same," Hausdorff was led to Cantor's set theory, which set Hausdorff on the road to his set-theoretical discoveries. Hausdorff's Nietzschean philosophical writings appear in volume VII of his collected works.
A project to publish Hausdorff's works and biography, along with a description of his mathematical contributions, in nine volumes, is underway, edited by E. Brieskorn, F. Hirzebruch, W. Purkert, R. Remmert, E. Scholz.
Important publications [edit]
Collected works [edit]
The "Hausdorff-Edition“, edited by E. Brieskorn, F. Hirzebruch, W. Purkert (all Bonn), R. Remmert (Münster) und E. Scholz (Wuppertal) with the collaboration of over twenty mathematicians, historians, philosophers and scholars, will present the works of Hausdorff, with commentary and much additional material. The edition is an ongoing project of the Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste. The planned nine volumes are being published by Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. As of 2008, five had appeared. See the Home page of the Hausdorff Project Homepage of the Hausdorff Edition (German) for its current status and further information. The projected volumes are:
- Band I: Hausdorff als akademischer Lehrer; Arbeiten zur Mengenlehre.
- Band II: Grundzüge der Mengenlehre (1914). 2002, ISBN 978-3-540-42224-2[3]
- Band III: Mengenlehre (1927, 1935); Deskriptive Mengenlehre und Topologie. 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-76806-7
- Band IV: Analysis, Algebra und Zahlentheorie. 2001, ISBN 978-3-540-41760-6[3]
- Band V: Astronomie, Optik und Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-30624-5[3]
- Band VI: Geometrie, Raum und Zeit.
- Band VII: Philosophisches Werk. 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-20836-5[3]
- Band VIII: Literarisches Werk. 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-77758-8
- Band IX: Korrespondenz.
See also [edit]
- Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula
- Gromov–Hausdorff convergence
- Hausdorff paradox
- Hausdorff Center for Mathematics
- Hausdorff distance
- Hausdorff measure
- Hausdorff space
References [edit]
- ^ Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard (2009). Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact. Princeton University Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4.
- ^ Hausdorff, Felix (2005). "Preface". In Plotkin, Jacob M. Hausdorff on ordered sets. American Mathematical Society Bookstore. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-8218-3788-7. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Gray, Jeremy (2007). "Review: Gesammelte Werke, Vols. II, IV, V, and VII, by Felix Hausdorff". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 44 (3): 471–474.
External links [edit]
- Felix Hausdorff at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Felix Hausdorff", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- Homepage of the Hausdorff Edition (German)
- Hausdorff Findbuch
- Hausdorff Center for Mathematics in Bonn
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- 1868 births
- 1942 deaths
- 19th-century German mathematicians
- 20th-century mathematicians
- Drug-related suicides in Germany
- German mathematicians
- German Jews
- Joint suicides
- Mathematicians who committed suicide
- Mathematicians who died in the Holocaust
- People from Wrocław
- People from the Province of Silesia
- Topologists
- University of Leipzig alumni
- University of Leipzig faculty
- University of Bonn faculty
- University of Greifswald faculty
