Women's sports

Women's sports include amateur and professional competitions in virtually all sports. Female participation in sports rose dramatically in the twentieth century, especially in the last quarter, reflecting changes in modern societies that emphasized gender parity. Although the level of participation and performance still varies greatly by country and by sport, women's sports have broad acceptance throughout the world, and in a few instances, such as tennis and figure skating, rival or exceed their male counterparts in popularity. An important aspect about women's sports is that women usually do not compete on equal terms against men.

History

Ancient civilizations

In the Ancient Olympics, women were not allowed even to watch competitions, much less compete as athletes. However, Cynisca won an Olympic game as owner of a chariot (champions of chariot races were owners not riders), as did Euruleonis, Belistiche, Timareta, Theodota, and Cassia. Besides the Olympics there was a separate women's athletic event, the Heraea Games, held in ancient Greece.

19th and early 20th centuries

Few women competed in sports until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as social changes in Europe and North America favored increased female participation in society as equals with men. Although women were technically permitted to participate in many sports, relatively few did. There was often disapproval of those who did.

"Bicycling has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world." Susan B. Anthony said "I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride on a wheel. It gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance."

The modern Olympics had female competitors from 1900 onward, though women at first participated in considerably fewer events than men. Concern over the physical strength and stamina of women led to the discouragement of female participation in more physically intensive sports, and in some cases led to less physically demanding female versions of male sports. Thus netball was developed out of basketball and softball out of baseball.

Most early women's professional sports leagues foundered. This is often attributed to a lack of spectator support. Amateur competitions became the primary venue for women's sports. Throughout the mid-twentieth century, Communist countries dominated many Olympic sports, including women's sports, due to state-sponsored athletic programs that were technically regarded as amateur. The legacy of these programs endured, as former Communist countries continue to produce many of the top female athletes. Germany and Scandinavia also developed strong women's athletic programs in this period.

Women's sports in history

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  Young women wearing swimming competition medals, around 1920.

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  Fraulein Kussinn and Mrs. Edwards boxing, 1912.

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  Fencer Sibyl Marston holding a foil.

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  Edith Cummings was the first woman athlete to appear on the cover of Time magazine, a major step in women's athletic history.

Women's sports today

In the United States today, nearly all schools require student participation in sports, guaranteeing that all girls were exposed to athletics at an early age, which was generally not the case in Western Europe and Latin America. In intramural sports, the genders were often mixed, though for competitive sports the genders remained segregated. Title IX legislation required colleges and universities to provide equal athletic opportunities for women. This large pool of female athletes enabled the U.S. to consistently rank among the top nations in women's Olympic sports, and female Olympians from skater Peggy Fleming (1968) to Mary Lou Retton (1986) became household names.

Tennis was the most-popular professional female sport from the 1970s onward, and it provided the occasion for a symbolic "battle of the sexes" between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs, enhancing the profile of female athletics. The success of women's tennis, however, did little to help the fortunes of women's professional team sports.

Women's professional team sports achieved popularity for the first time in the 1990s, particularly in basketball and football (soccer). This popularity has been asymmetric, being strongest in the U.S., certain European countries and former Communist states. Thus, women's soccer was originally dominated by the U.S., China, and Norway, who have historically fielded weak men's national teams. However, more recently, several nations with strong and even dominant men's national teams, such as Germany, Sweden, and Brazil, have established themselves as women's powers. Despite this increase in popularity, women's professional sports leagues continue to struggle financially. The WNBA is operated at a loss by the NBA, in the hopes of creating a market that will eventually be profitable. A similar approach is used to promote women's boxing, as women fighters are often undercards on prominent male boxing events, in the hopes of attracting an audience.

Today, women compete professionally and as amateurs in virtually every major sport, though the level of participation typically decreases when it comes to the more violent contact sports; few schools have women's programs in American football, boxing or wrestling. However, these typical non-participation habits may slowly be evolving as more women take real interest in the games, for example Katie Hnida became the first woman ever to score points in a Division I NCAA American football game when she kicked two extra-points for the University of New Mexico in 2003.

Modern sports have seen the development of a higher profile for female athletes in other historically male sports, such as golf, marathons or ice hockey.

Women athletes today

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  A female athlete from the University of California, San Diego playing football.

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  Olympic Games track gold medalist Meseret Defar of Ethiopia.

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  Master Hao Zhi Hua, the most accomplished female Wushu athlete in China's history.

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  Fernanda Brito of Chile playing women's doubles tennis at Wimbledon in 2010.

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  A collage of Italian international sportswomen

Magazines

• Women's Sport Report: Women's sports news
• SportSister: Packed with athlete interviews, the latest women’s sportswear reviews, sporting holiday ideas, health and nutrition.
• Real Sports Magazine: The Authority in Women's Sports (TM)
• Sporting Woman Quarterly: A sports lifestyle magazine featuring women's luxury sports.

Further reading

• Dong Jinxia: Women, Sport and Society in Modern China: Holding Up More Than Half the Sky, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0714682144
• Allen Guttmann: Women's Sports: A History, Columbia University Press 1992, ISBN 023106957X
• Helen Jefferson Lenskyj: Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality. Women's Press, 1986.
• Helen Jefferson Lenskyj: Out on the Field: Gender, Sport and Sexualities. Women's Press, 2003.
• The Nation: Sports Don't Need Sex To Sell - NPR, Mary Jo Kane - August 2, 2011

See also

• Famous Women Athletes
• Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act (Title IX)
• Women's Sports Foundation
• Major women's sport leagues in North America
• Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (defunct since 1982)

External links

• History of Women in Sports Timeline
• Heraea Games
• Women's Sports A site dedicated to women's sports in the uk
• Celebrating India's top Sportswomen