Fiber-reinforced concrete
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Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers. Within these different fibers that character of fiber-reinforced concrete changes with varying concretes, fiber materials, geometries, distribution, orientation and densities.
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[edit] Historical perspective
The concept of using fibers as reinforcement is not new. Fibers have been used as reinforcement since ancient times. Historically, horsehair was used in mortar and straw in mud bricks. In the early 1900s, asbestos fibers were used in concrete, and in the 1950s the concept of composite materials came into being and fiber-reinforced concrete was one of the topics of interest. There was a need to find a replacement for the asbestos used in concrete and other building materials once the health risks associated with the substance were discovered. By the 1960s, steel, glass (GFRC), and synthetic fibers such as polypropylene fibers were used in concrete, and research into new fiber-reinforced concretes continues today.
[edit] Effect of fibers in concrete
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to both plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact, abrasion and shatter resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed, some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete. The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the composite (concrete and fibers), termed volume fraction (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. Aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the modulus of elasticity of the fiber is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increase in the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix. However, fibers which are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research[where?] indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance of the materials[1 & 2]. This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated out that the use of micro fibers offers better impact resistance compared with the longer fibers.[1]
The High Speed 1 tunnel linings incorporated concrete containing 1 kg/m³ of polypropylene fibers, of diameter 18 & 32 μm, giving the benefits noted below.[1]
[edit] Benefits
Polypropylene and Nylon fibers can:
- Improve mix cohesion, improving pumpability over long distances
- Improve freeze-thaw resistance
- Improve resistance to explosive spalling in case of a severe fire
- Improve impact resistance
- Increase resistance to plastic shrinkage during curing
Steel fibers can:
- Improve structural strength
- Reduce steel reinforcement requirements
- Improve ductility
- Reduce crack widths and control the crack widths tightly thus improve durability
- Improve impact & abrasion resistance
- Improve freeze-thaw resistance
Blends of both steel and polymeric fibers are often used in construction projects in order to combine the benefits of both products; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to explosive spalling and plastic shrinkage improvements provided by polymeric fibers.
In certain specific circumstances, steel fiber can entirely replace traditional steel reinforcement bar in reinforced concrete. This is most common in industrial flooring but also in some other precasting applications. Typically, these are corroborated with laboratory testing to confirm performance requirements are met. Care should be taken to ensure that local design code requirements are also met which may impose minimum quantities of steel reinforcement within the concrete. There are increasing numbers of tunnelling projects using precast lining segments reinforced only with steel fibers.
Useful standards:
- EN 14889-1:2006 Fibres for Concrete. Steel Fibres. Definitions, specifications & conformity
- EN 14889-2:2006 Fibres for Concrete. Polymer Fibres. Definitions, specifications & conformity
- EN 14845-1:2007 Test methods for fibres in concrete
- ASTM A820-06 Standard Specification for fibres in Fibre Reinforced Concrete
- ASTM C1018-07 Standard test methods for flexural toughness & first crack strength
[edit] Some developments in fiber-reinforced concrete
An FRC sub-category named Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) claims 500 times more resistance to cracking and 40 percent lighter than traditional concrete.[citation needed] ECC claims it can sustain strain-hardening up to several percent strain, resulting in a material ductility of at least two orders of magnitude higher when compared to normal concrete or standard fiber-reinforced concrete. ECC also claims a unique cracking behavior. When loaded to beyond the elastic range, ECC maintains crack width to below 100 µm, even when deformed to several percent tensile strains. Field results with ECC and The Michigan Department of Transportation resulted in early-age cracking [2].
Recent studies performed on a high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete in a bridge deck found that adding fibers provided residual strength and controlled cracking [3]. There were fewer and narrower cracks in the FRC even though the FRC had more shrinkage than the control. Residual strength is directly proportional to the fiber content.
A new kind of natural fiber-reinforced concrete (NFRC) made of cellulose fibers processed from genetically modified slash pine trees is giving good results[citation needed]. The cellulose fibers are longer and greater in diameter than other timber sources. Some studies were performed using waste carpet fibers in concrete as an environmentally friendly use of recycled carpet waste [4]. A carpet typically consists of two layers of backing (usually fabric from polypropylene tape yarns), joined by CaCO3 filled styrene-butadiene latex rubber (SBR), and face fibers (majority being nylon 6 and nylon 66 textured yarns). Such nylon and polypropylene fibers can be used for concrete reinforcement. Other ideas are emerging to use recycled materials as fibers [5].
For statistical calculations there is a new modelling in the book: B.Wietek, Stahlfaserbeton, edited by Vieweg + Teubner, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8348-0592-8.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ Li, V., Yang E., Li, M. Field Demonstration of Durable Link Slabs for Jointless Bridge Decks Based on Srtain-Hardening Cementitious Composites – Phase 3: Shrinkage Control, Michigan Department of Transportation, January 2008. www.michigan.gov/.../MDOT_Research_Report_RC-1506_232611_7.pdf
- ^ American Concrete Institute 544.3R-93
- ^ Concrete Reinforcement with Recycled Fibers by Wang, Y., Wu, HC., and Li, V. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering/ Nov 2000
- ^ Development of recycled PET fiber and its application as concrete-reinforcing fiber http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946507000273
