# Field of fractions

"Quotient field" redirects here. It should not be confused with a quotient ring.

In abstract algebra, the field of fractions of an integral domain is the smallest field in which it can be embedded. The elements of the field of fractions of the integral domain R have the form a/b with a and b in R and b ≠ 0. The field of fractions of R is sometimes denoted by Quot(R) or Frac(R).

Mathematicians refer to this construction as the field of fractions, fraction field, field of quotients, or quotient field. All three are in common usage. The expression "quotient field" may sometimes run the risk of confusion with the quotient of a ring by an ideal, which is a quite different concept.

A multiplicative identity is not required for the role of the integral domain; this construction can be applied to any nonzero commutative pseudo-ring with no nonzero zero divisors.[1]

## Examples

• The field of fractions of the ring of integers is the field of rationals, Q = Quot(Z).
• Let R := { a + b i | a,b in Z } be the ring of Gaussian integers. Then Quot(R) = {c + d i | c,d in Q}, the field of Gaussian rationals.
• The field of fractions of a field is canonically isomorphic to the field itself.
• Given a field K, the field of fractions of the polynomial ring in one indeterminate K[X] (which is an integral domain), is called the field of rational functions or field of rational fractions[2][3][4] and is denoted K(X).

## Construction

Let R be any nonzero commutative pseudo-ring with no nonzero zero divisors. For n, dR with d ≠ 0, the fraction n/d denotes the equivalence class of pairs (n,d), where (n,d) is equivalent to (m,b) if and only if nb = md. (The definition of equivalence is modeled on the property of rational numbers that n/d = m/b if and only if nb = md.) The field of fractions Quot(R) is defined as the set of all such fractions n/d. The sum of n/d and m/b is defined as $\frac{nb+md}{db}$, and the product of n/d and m/b is defined as $\frac{nm}{db}$ (one checks that these are well defined).

The embedding of R in Quot(R) maps each n in R to the fraction $\frac{en}{e}$ for any nonzero e in R (the equivalence class is independent of the choice of e). This is modeled on the identity n/1 = n. If additionally, R contains a multiplicative identity (that is, R is an integral domain), then $\frac{en}{e} = \frac{n}{1}$.

The field of fractions of R is characterized by the following universal property: if h: RF is an injective ring homomorphism from R into a field F, then there exists a unique ring homomorphism g : Quot(R) → F which extends h.

There is a categorical interpretation of this construction. Let C be the category of integral domains and injective ring maps. The functor from C to the category of fields which takes every integral domain to its fraction field and every homomorphism to the induced map on fields (which exists by the universal property) is the left adjoint of the forgetful functor from the category of fields to C.

## Generalisation

For any commutative ring R and any multiplicative set S in R, the localization S−1R is the commutative ring consisting of fractions r/s with rR and sS, where now (r,s) is equivalent to (r′,s′) if and only if there exists tS such that t(rs′-rs) = 0. Two special cases of this are notable:

• If S is the complement of a prime ideal P, then S−1R is also denoted RP. When R is an integral domain and P is the zero ideal, RP is the field of fractions of R.
• If S is the set of non-zero-divisors in R, then S−1R is called the total quotient ring. The total quotient ring of an integral domain is its field of fractions, but the total quotient ring is defined for any commutative ring.