Filler (linguistics)

For other uses, see Filler (disambiguation).

In linguistics, a filler is a sound or word that is spoken in conversation by one participant to signal to others that he/she has paused to think but is not yet finished speaking. These are not to be confused with placeholder names, such as thingamajig, which refer to objects or people whose names are temporarily forgotten, irrelevant, or unknown. Different languages have different characteristic filler sounds; in English, the most common filler sounds are uh /ə/, er /ɚ/ and um /əm/. Among youths, the fillers "like", "y'know", "actually", "literally", and "basically" are more prevalent.^{[citation needed]}

The term filler has a separate use in the syntactic description of wh-movement constructions.

Filler words in different languages

• In Afrikaans, ah, em, and eh are common fillers.
• In Arabic, يعني yaʿni ("I mean") and وﷲ wallāh(i) ("by God") are common fillers.
• In American Sign Language, UM can be signed with open-8 held at chin, palm in, eyebrows down (similar to FAVORITE); or bilateral symmetric bent-V, palm out, repeated axial rotation of wrist (similar to QUOTE).
• In Bengali, mane ("it means") is a common filler.
• In Catalan, eh /ə/, doncs ("so"), llavors ("therefore"), and o sigui ("it means") are common fillers.
• In Czech, tak or takže ("so"), prostě ("simply"), jako ("like") are used as fillers. Čili ("or") and že ("that", a conjunction) might also be others. A person who says jako and prostě as fillers might sound a bit simple-minded to others.
• In Danish, øh is one of the most common fillers.
• In Dutch, eh, ehm, and dus are some of the more common fillers.
• In Esperanto, do ("therefore") is the most common filler.
• In Filipino, ah, eh, ay, and ano are the most common fillers.
• In Finnish, niinku ("like"), tota, and öö are the most common fillers.
• In French, euh /ø/ is most common; other words used as fillers include quoi ("what"), bah, ben ("well"), tu vois ("you see"), t’vois c’que j’veux dire? ("you see what I mean?"), tu sais, t’sais ("you know"), and eh bien (roughly "well", as in "Well, I'm not sure"). Outside of France, other expressions are t’sais veux dire? ("you know what I mean?"), or allez une fois ("go one time"). Additional filler words include genre ("kind"), comme ("like"), and style ("style"; "kind")
• In German, a more extensive series of filler words, called modal particles, exists, which actually do give the sentence some meaning. More traditional filler words are äh /ɛː/, hm, so /zoː/, tja, and eigentlich ("actually")
• In Hebrew, eh is the most common filler. Em is also quite common.
• In Hindi, matlab ("it means") and "Mah" are fillers.
• In Hungarian, common filler words include hát (well...) and asszongya (a variant of azt mondja, which means "it says here...").
• In Icelandic, a common filler is hérna ("here"). Þúst, a contraction of þú veist ("you know"), is popular among younger speakers.
• In Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), anu is one of the most common fillers.
• In Italian, common fillers include "tipo" ("like"), "ecco" ("there") and "cioè" ("actually")
• In Irish Gaelic, abair /ˈabˠəɾʲ/ ("say"), bhoil /wɛlʲ/ ("well"), and era /ˈɛɾˠə/ are common fillers, along with emm as in Hiberno-English.
• In Japanese, common fillers include eetto, ano, sono, and ee.
• In Kannada,Matte for also,Enappa andre for the matter is are the common fillers.
• In Korean, eung, eo, ge, and eum are commonly used as fillers.
• In Lithuanian, nu, am and žinai ("you know") are common fillers.
• In Maltese and Maltese English, mela ("then"), or just la, is a common filler.
• In Mandarin Chinese, speakers often say 这个 zhège/zhèige ("this") or 那个 nàge/nèige ("that"). Another common filler is 就 jìu ("just/precisely").
• In Norwegian, common fillers are øh, altså, på en måte ("in a way"), ikke sant (literally "not true?", "no kidding", or "exactly"), vel ("well"), and liksom ("like"). In Bergen, sant ("true") is often used instead of ikke sant. In the Trøndelag region, skjø' ("see?" or "understand?") is also a common filler.
• In Persian, bebin ("you see"), چیز "chiz" ("thing"), and مثلا masalan ("for instance") are commonly-used filler words. As well as in Arabic and Urdu, يعني yaʿni ("I mean") is also used in Persian. Also, eh is a common filler in Persian.

• In Portuguese, tipo ("like") is the most common filler.
• In Romanian, deci /detʃʲ/ ("therefore") is common, especially in school, and ă /ə/ is also very common (can be lengthened according to the pause in speech, rendered in writing as ăăă), whereas păi /pəj/ is widely used by almost anyone.
• In Russian, fillers are called слова-паразиты ("vermin words"); the most common are Э-э ("eh"), это ("this"), того ("that"), ну ("well"), значит ("it means"), так ("so"), как его ("what's it [called]"), типа ("like"), and как бы ("[just] like").
• In Serbian, znači ("means") and ovaj ("this") are common fillers.
• In Slovak, oné ("that"), tento ("this"), proste ("simply"), or akože are used as fillers. The Hungarian izé (or izí in its Slovak pronunciation) can also be heard, especially in parts of the country with a large Hungarian population. Ta is a filler typical of Eastern Slovak and one of the most parodied features.
• In Slovene, pač ("but", although it has lost that meaning in colloquial, and it is used as a means of explanation), a ne? ("right?"), and no ("well") are some of the fillers common in central Slovenia, including Ljubljana.
• In Spanish, fillers are called muletillas. Some of the most common in American Spanish are e /e/, este ("this"), and o sea (roughly means "I mean")., in Spain the previous fillers are also used, but ¿Vale? ("right?") and ¿no? are very common too.
• In Swedish, fillers are called utfyllningsord; some of the most common are öhm, ja ("yes"), ba (comes from "bara", which means "just"), asså or alltså ("therefore", "thus"), va (comes from "vad", which means "what"), and liksom and typ (both similar to the English "like").
• In Ukrainian, ой /ɔj/ is a common filler.
• In Urdu, yani ("meaning..."), falan falan ("this and that"; "blah blah"), umm, and aaa are also common fillers.
• In Telugu, ikkada entante ("Whats here is...") and tarwatha ("then...") are common and there are numerous like this.
• In Tamil, paatheenga-na ("if you see...") and apparam ("then...") are common.
• In Turkish, yani ("meaning..."), şey ("thing"), "işte" ("that is"), and falan ("as such", "so on") are common fillers.
• In Welsh, de or ynde is used as a filler (loosely the equivalent of "You know?" or "Isn't it?"). Ym... and Y... are used similarly to the English "um...".

Among language learners, a common pitfall is using fillers from their native tongue. For example, "Quiero una umm.... quesadilla". While less of a shibboleth, knowing the placeholder names (sometimes called kadigans) of a language (e.g. the equivalent of "thingy") can also be useful to attain fluency, such as the French truc: "Je cherche le truc qu'on utilise pour ouvrir une boîte" ("I'm looking for the thingy that you use to open up a can").

Fillers in syntax

Main article: Wh-movement

The linguistic term "filler" has another, unrelated use in syntactic terminology. It refers to the pre-posed element that fills in the "gap" in a wh-movement construction. In the following example, there is an object gap associated with the transitive verb saw, and the filler is the wh-phrase how many angels:

• I don't care [how many angels] she told you she saw.

Wh-movement is said to create a long-distance or unbounded "filler-gap dependency".

See also

• Discourse marker
• Interjection
• Like: As a discourse particle
• Phatic
• Speech disfluencies
• Valspeak

External links

• Why do people say "um" and "er" when hesitating in their speech?, New Scientist, May 6, 1995
• Lotozo, Eils (September 4 2002). "The way teens talk, like, serves a purpose". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. http://www2.jsonline.com/enter/gen/sep02/71334.asp.  Citing Siegel, Muffy E. A. (2002). "Like: The Discourse Particle and Semantics". Journal of Semantics 19 (1): 35–71. doi:10.1093/jos/19.1.35. http://jos.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/35.