Floating wind turbine

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The world’s first full-scale floating wind turbine, Hywind, being assembled in the Åmøy Fjord near Stavanger, Norway in 2009, before deployment in the North Sea.
The world's second full-scale floating wind turbine (and first to be installed without the use of heavy-lift vessels), WindFloat, operating at rated capacity (2MW) approximately 5km offshore of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal

A floating wind turbine is an offshore wind turbine mounted on a floating structure that allows the turbine to generate electricity in water depths where bottom-mounted towers are not feasible.[1] Locating wind farms out at sea can reduce visual pollution[1] whilst providing better accommodation for fishing and shipping lanes.[2][3] In addition, the wind is typically more consistent and stronger over the sea, due to the absence of topographic features that disrupt wind flow.[4]

Floating wind parks are wind farms that site several floating wind turbines closely together to take advantage of common infrastructure such as power transmission facilities.[citation needed]

Contents

History [edit]

The concept for "large-scale offshore floating wind turbines was introduced by Professor William E. Heronemus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1972. [I]t was not until the mid 1990s, after the commercial wind industry was well established, that the topic was taken up again by the mainstream research community."[4] As of 2003, existing offshore fixed-bottom wind turbine technology deployments had been limited to water depths of 30 metres. Worldwide deep-water wind resources are extremely abundant in subsea areas with depths up to 600 metres, which are thought to best facilitate transmission of the generated electric power to shore communities.[4]

Operational deep-water platforms [edit]

A tension leg mooring system as used by Blue H: left-hand tower-bearing structure (grey) is free floating, the right-hand structure is pulled by the tensioned cables (red) down towards the seabed anchors (light-grey)

In 2011 three floating wind turbine support structures were installed.[5]

Blue H deployed the first 80 kW floating wind turbine 113 kilometres (70 mi) off the coast of Italy in December, 2007. It was then decommissioned at the end of 2008 after completing a planned test year of gathering operational data.[citation needed]

The first large-capacity, 2.3 megawatt floating wind turbine is Hywind, which became operational in the North Sea off of Norway in September 2009,[6] and is still operational as of October 2010.[7]

In October 2011, Principle Power's WindFloat Prototype was installed 4 km offshore of Aguçadoura, Portugal in approximately 45m of water (previously the Aguçadoura Wave Farm site). The WindFloat was fitted with a Vestas V80 2.0MW offshore wind turbine and grid connected. The installation was the first offshore wind turbine to be deployed without the use of any offshore heavy lift vessels as the turbine was fully commissioned onshore prior to the unit being towed offshore. Additionally this is the first offshore wind turbine installed in open Atlantic waters and make use of a semi-submersible type floating foundation.[8][better source needed]

SeaTwirl deployed their first floating grid connected wind turbine off the coast of Sweden in August, 2011. It was tested and de-commissioned.[5] This design intends to store energy in a flywheel. Thus, energy could be produced even after the wind has stopped blowing.[9][citation needed]

Blue H Technologies [edit]

Blue H Technologies of the Netherlands operated the first floating wind turbine,[7] a prototype deep-water platform with an 80-kilowatt turbine off Puglia, southeast Italy in 2008.[10] Installed 21 km off the coast in waters 113 metres deep in order to gather test data on wind and sea conditions, the small prototype unit was decommissioned at the end of 2008.[citation needed] f

The Blue H technology utilized a tension-leg platform design and a two-bladed turbine.[citation needed] The two-bladed design can have a "much larger chord, which allows a higher tip speed than those of three-bladers.[citation needed]

As of 2009, Blue H was building a full-scale commercial 2.4 MWe unit in Brindisi, Italy which it expected to deploy at the same site of the prototype in the southern Adriatic Sea in 2010.[dated info] This is the first unit in the planned 90 MW Tricase offshore wind farm, located more than 20 km off the Puglia coast line.[citation needed]

Hywind [edit]

A single floating cylindrical spar buoy moored by catenary cables. Hywind uses a ballasted catenary layout that adds 60 tonne weights hanging from the midpoint of each anchor cable to provide additional tension.

The world's first operational deep-water floating large-capacity wind turbine is the Hywind, in the North Sea off Norway.[6][11] The Hywind was towed out to sea in early June 2009.[12] The 2.3 megawatt turbine was constructed by Siemens Wind Power and mounted on a floating tower with a 100 metre deep draft. The float tower was constructed by Technip. Statoil says that floating wind turbines are still immature and commercialization is distant.[13][14]

The installation is owned by Statoil and will be tested for two years.[10] After assembly in the calmer waters of Åmøy Fjord near Stavanger, Norway, the 120-meter-tall tower with a 2.3 MW turbine was towed 10 km offshore into 220-metre-deep water, 10 km southwest of Karmøy, on 6 June 2009 for a two year test deployment."[10] Alexandra Beck Gjorv of Statoil said, "[The experiment] should help move offshore wind farms out of sight ... The global market for such turbines is potentially enormous, depending on how low we can press costs."[15] The unit became operational in the summer of 2009.[6] Hywind was inaugurated on 8 September 2009.[16][17] As of October 2010, after a full year of operation, the Hywind turbine is still operating and generating electricity for the Norwegian grid,[7] and still is as of February 2011.[18]

The turbine cost 400 million kroner (around US$62 million) to build and deploy.[19][20] The 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) long submarine power transmission cable was installed in July, 2009 and system test including rotor blades and initial power transmission was conducted shortly thereafter.[21] The installation is expected to generate about 9 GW·h of electricity annually.[22] The SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull), a new class of offshore wind turbine service boat, will be tested at Hywind.[23]

Hywind delivered 7.3 GWh in 2010, and survived 11 meter waves with seemingly no wear.[24] As of June 2011, additional pilot Hywind installations are planned in the US and in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland.[25]

WindFloat [edit]

A diagram of the WindFloat system.
External video
A video describing the WindFloat.

WindFloat is a floating foundation for offshore wind turbines designed and patented by Principle Power.

A full-scale prototype was constructed in 2011 by Windplus, a joint-venture between EDP, Repsol, Principle Power, A. Silva Matos, Inovcapital, and FAI.[26] The complete system was assembled and commissioned onshore including the turbine. The entire structure was then wet-towed some 400 kilometres (250 mi) (from southern to northern Portugal) to its final installed location 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) offshore of Agucaduora, Portugal, previously the Aguçadoura Wave Farm. The WindFloat was equipped with a Vestas v80 2.0 megawatt turbine [18] and installation was completed on October 22, 2011. A year later, the turbine had produced 3 GWh.[27]

The foundation[clarification needed] improves dynamic stability, whilst still maintaining shallow draft,[26] by dampening wave and turbine induced motion[28] utilizing a tri-column triangular platform with the wind turbine positioned on one of the three columns. The triangular platform is then "moored" using a conventional catenary mooring consisting of four lines, two of which are connected to the column supporting the turbine, thus creating an "asymmetric mooring."[29]

As the wind shifts direction and changes the loads on the turbine and foundation, a secondary hull-trim system shifts ballast water between each of the three columns.[30] This permits the platform to maintain even keel while producing the maximum amount of energy. This is in contrast to other floating concepts which have implemented control strategies that de-power the turbine to compensate for changes in turbine thrust-induced overturning moment.[citation needed]

This technology could allow wind turbines to be sited in offshore areas that were previously considered inaccessible, areas having water depth exceeding 40 metres and more powerful wind resources than shallow-water offshore wind farms typically encounter.[31]

The costs of this project are around 20 million € (about 26 million dollars), this single wind turbine can produce energy to power 1300 homes.[32]

Topologies [edit]

Platform topologies can be classified into:[citation needed]

  • single-turbine-floater (one wind turbine mounted on a floating structure)[citation needed]
  • multiple turbine floaters (multiple wind turbines mounted on a floating structure)[citation needed]

Engineering considerations [edit]

Undersea mooring of floating wind turbines are accomplished with three principal mooring systems.[citation needed] Two common types of engineered design for anchoring floating structures include tension-leg and catenary loose mooring systems.[citation needed][33] Tension leg mooring systems have vertical tethers under tension providing large restoring moments in pitch and roll. Catenary mooring systems provide station keeping for an offshore structure yet provide little stiffness at low tensions."[34] A third form of mooring system is the ballasted catenary configuration, created by adding multiple-tonne weights hanging from the midsection of each anchor cable in order to provide additional cable tension and therefore increase stiffness of the above-water floating structure.[34]

The IEC 61400–3 design standard requires that a loads analysis is based on site-specific external conditions such as wind, wave and currents.[33] The IEC 61400–3-2 standard applies specifically to floating wind turbines.[35][36]

Economics [edit]

"Technically, the [theoretical] feasibility of deepwater [floating] wind turbines is not questioned as long-term survivability of floating structures has already been successfully demonstrated by the marine and offshore oil industries over many decades. However, the economics that allowed the deployment of thousands of offshore oil rigs have yet to be demonstrated for floating wind turbine platforms. For deepwater wind turbines, a floating structure will replace pile-driven monopoles or conventional concrete bases that are commonly used as foundations for shallow water and land-based turbines. The floating structure must provide enough buoyancy to support the weight of the turbine and to restrain pitch, roll and heave motions within acceptable limits. The capital costs for the wind turbine itself will not be significantly higher than current marinized turbine costs in shallow water. Therefore, the economics of deepwater wind turbines will be determined primarily by the additional costs of the floating structure and power distribution system, which are offset by higher offshore winds and close proximity to large load centres (e.g. shorter transmission runs)."[4]

As of 2009 however, the economic feasibility of shallow-water offshore wind technologies is more completely understood. With empirical data obtained from fixed-bottom installations off many countries for over a decade now, representative costs are well understood. Shallow-water turbines cost between 2.4 and 3 million United States dollars per megawatt to install, according to the World Energy Council.[10]

As of 2009, the practical feasibility and per-unit economics of deep-water, floating-turbine offshore wind is yet to be seen. Initial deployment of single full-capacity turbines in deep-water locations began only in 2009.[10]

As of October 2010, new feasibility studies are supporting that floating turbines are becoming both technically and economically viable in the UK and global energy markets. "The higher up-front costs associated with developing floating wind turbines would be offset by the fact that they would be able to access areas of deep water off the coastline of the UK where winds are stronger and reliable." [37]

The recent Offshore Valuation study conducted in the UK has confirmed that using just one third of the UK's wind, wave and tidal resource could generate energy equivalent to 1 billion barrels of oil per year; the same as North Sea oil and gas production. Some of the primary challenges are the coordination needed to develop transmission lines.[38]

Floating design concepts [edit]

GICON GmbH [edit]

Schematic illustration of the GICON floating foundations

The GICON GmbH has developed its own solution for a floating foundation structure, the GICON SOF. It is a unique design of a Tension Leg Platform. Under GICON’s leadership the following partners are involved in the development: Technical University and Mining Academy of Freiberg, University of Rostock, the Jähnig company, Fugro, GLC Glücksburg Consulting, IfAÖ Institute for Applied Ecology and WPC Wind Power Construction. The GICON SOF is a steel structure with buoyancy elements which is anchored by cables to the seabed. The structure can be anchored using different technical solutions that have been developed for use in different ocean floor sediment conditions. The GICON SOF can be deployed in water depths from 20 to about 700 meters. Since the structure’s position below the waterline is similar at the various deployment locations, the difference in water depth is handled by the mooring line lengths. The main structure is below the waterline and is stabilized by the buoyancy forces. The GICON SOF has been designed for assembly at port, thus avoiding the dependence on suitable weather windows, and to then be towed as complete unit including tower and wind turbine to the deployment location where it will be lowered into position and moored.

Ideol [edit]

External video
More about IDEOL in video

Ideol is a French company that has patented a new floating platform concept specifically designed for offshore wind.

While the floater concept and patents are not yet publicly disclosed, the company is communicating on its web site[39] mobility solution to reduce wake losses in an offshore wind farm by repositioning the floating turbines depending on the wind direction. The company has patented a mechanical solution to move the floater along its mooring lines and has developed a software to optimize in real-time the farm layout. Eliminating wake losses allows to increase significantly the power production as well as to reduce the long-term components failures.[39]

According to publicly released information,[39] Ideol has a construction and installation cost of around 1M Euro per MW. As such, the company intends to offer an alternative to fixed foundations starting from 40 m water depth.

OffshoreWind.biz reported that the company will build a 5 MW floating prototype off the European coast in 2013.[40]

Nautica Windpower [edit]

Nautica Windpower's AFT design features a downwind two-bladed rotor with passive wind alignment to reduce costs

Nautica Windpower uses a patented technology aimed at reducing system weight, complexity and costs for deep water sites. Scale model tests in open water have been conducted and structural dynamics modeling is under development for a multi-megawatt design.[41] Nautica Windpower's Advanced Floating Turbine (AFT) uses a single mooring line and a downwind two-bladed rotor configuration that is deflection tolerant and aligns itself with the wind without an active yaw system. Two-bladed, downwind turbine designs that can accommodate flexibility in the blades will potentially prolong blade lifetime, diminish structural system loads and reduce offshore maintenance needs, yielding lower lifecycle costs. [42]

OC3-Hywind [edit]

The International Energy Agency (IEA), under the auspices of their Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3) initiative, has completed high-level design and simulation modeling of the OC-3 Hywind system, a 5-MW wind turbine installed on a floating spar buoy, moored with catenary mooring lines, in water depth of 320 metres. The spar buoy platform would extend 120 meters below the surface and the mass of such a system, including ballast would exceed 7.4 million kg. [43]

DeepWind [edit]

Risø and 11 international partners started a 4-year program called DeepWind in October 2010 to create and test economical floating Vertical Axis Wind Turbines up to 20MW. The program is supported with €3m through EUs Seventh Framework Programme.[44][45] Partners include TUDelft, Aalborg University, SINTEF, Statoil and United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory.[46]

VertiWind [edit]

VertiWind is a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine design created by Nenuphar http://www.nenuphar-wind.com/[full citation needed] and currently being tested by Technip http://www.technip.com/.[full citation needed] See http://www.nenuphar-wind.com/press[better source needed]

Proposals [edit]

Floating wind farms [edit]

As of September 2011, Japan plans to build a pilot floating wind farm, with six 2-megawatt turbines, off the Fukushima coast of northeast Japan where the recent disaster has created a scarcity of electric power.[47] After the evaluation phase is complete in 2016, "Japan plans to build as many as 80 floating wind turbines off Fukushima by 2020."[47] The cost is expected to be in the range of 10-20 billion Yen over five years to build the first six floating wind turbines.[48] Some foreign companies also plan to bid on the 1 GW large floating wind farm that Japan hopes to build by 2020.[49] In March 2012, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry approved a 12.5bn yen ($154m) project to float a 2MW Fuji in March 2013 and two 7MW Mitsubishi hydraulic "SeaAngel" later about 20–40 km offshore in 100–150 meters of water depth. The Japanese Wind Power Association claims a potential of 519GW of floating offshore wind capacity in Japan.[50]

As of November 2011, Statoil plans to build a multi-turbine project in Scottish waters utilizing the Hywind design.[49]

The US State of Maine solicited proposals in September 2010 to build the world's first floating, commercial wind farm. The RFP is seeking proposals for 25 MW of deep-water offshore wind capacity to supply power for 20-year long-term contract period via grid-connected floating wind turbines in the Gulf of Maine. Successful bidders must enter into long-term power supply contracts with either Central Maine Power Company (CMP), Bangor Hydro-Electric Company (BHE), or Maine Public Service Company (MPS). Proposals were due by May 2011.[51] [52][dated info]

As of April 2012, Statoil received state regulatory approval to build a large four-unit demonstration wind farm off the coast of Maine.[53] As of April 2013, the Hywind 2 4-tower, 12–15 MW wind farm is being developed by Statoil North America for placement 20 kilometres (12 mi) off the east coast of Maine in 140–158 metres (460–518 ft)-deep water of the Atlantic Ocean. Like the first Hywind installation off Norway, the turbine foundation will be a spar floater.[54] The State of Maine Public Utility Commission voted to approve the construction and fund the US$120 million project by adding approximately 75 cents/month to the average retail electricity consumer. Power could be flowing into the grid no earlier than 2016.[55]

Controversy [edit]

Some vendors who could bid on the proposed project in Maine expressed concerns in 2010 about dealing with the United States regulatory environment. Since the proposed site is in Federal waters, developers would need a permit from the US Minerals Management Service, "which took more than seven years to approve a yet-to-be-built, shallow-water wind project off Cape Cod," and is also the agency under fire in June 2010 for lax oversight of deepwater oil drilling in Federal waters. "Uncertainty over regulatory hurdles in the United States ... is 'the Achilles heel' for Maine's ambitions for deepwater wind."[52]

Research [edit]

Scale modeling and computer modeling attempt to predict the behavior of large scale wind turbines in order to avoid costly failures and to expand the use of offshore wind power from fixed to floating foundations. The research in this field include :

Computer models [edit]

  • Overview of integrated dynamic calculations for floating offshore wind turbines[56]
  • Fully coupled aerohydro-servo-elastic response; a basic research tool to validate new designs[33]

Scale models [edit]

  • Water tank studies on 1:100 scale Tension-leg Platform and Spar Buoy platforms[57]
  • Dynamic response dependency on the mooring configuration[58]

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Laskow, Sarah (2011-09-13). "Hope Floats for a New Generation of Deep-Water Wind Farms". Good Environment. Retrieved 2011-10-12. 
  2. ^ Mark Svenvold (2009-09-09). "The world's first floating wind turbine goes on line in Norway". DailyFinance.com. Retrieved 2009-10-20. 
  3. ^ Union of Concerned Scientists (2003-07-15). "Farming the Wind: Wind Power and Agriculture". Retrieved 2009-10-20. 
  4. ^ a b c d Musial, W.; S. Butterfield, A. Boone (2003-11). "Feasibility of Floating Platform Systems for Wind Turbines". NREL preprint (NREL) (NREL/CP-500-34874): 14. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  5. ^ a b Justin Wilkes et al. The European offshore wind industry key 2011 trends and statistics p5 European Wind Energy Association, January 2012. Accessed: 26 March 2012.
  6. ^ a b c Madslien, Jorn (2009-09-08). Floating challenge for offshore wind turbine. BBC News. Retrieved 2009-09-14. 
  7. ^ a b c Deep water wind turbines, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2010-10-18, accessed 2011-11-06.[dead link]
  8. ^ "First WindFloat Successfully Deployed Offshore". 2011-11-30. 
  9. ^ "Sea Twirl - A New Type of Off Shore Wind Turbine", Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 11 November 2010, retrieved 26 September 2011 (Swedish)
  10. ^ a b c d e Patel, Prachi (2009-06-22). "Floating Wind Turbines to Be Tested". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2009-06-25. 
  11. ^ Ramsey Cox (February/March 2010). "Water Power + Wind Power = Win!". Mother Earth News. Retrieved 2010-05-03. 
  12. ^ Madslien, Jorn (2009-06-05). "Floating wind turbine launched". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-09-14. 
  13. ^ Jensen, Mette Buck. Vestas goes for floating wind turbines (in Danish) Ing.dk, 14 September 2009. Retrieved: 11 November 2010.
  14. ^ StatoilHydro inaugurates floating wind turbine Statoil, 8 September 2009. Retrieved: 11 November 2010.
  15. ^ "First offshore wind turbine goes to sea". UPI. 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2009-06-07. 
  16. ^ "Technip and StatoilHydro Announce Inauguration of World's First Full-Scale Floating Wind Turbine". OilVoice. 2009-09-13. Retrieved 2009-09-19. 
  17. ^ "Hywind floating wind turbine". Statoil. 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-09-29. 
  18. ^ a b Shahan, Zachary. 1st-of-its-kind floating wind turbine technology to be deployed by Vestas & WindPlus Clean Technica, 23 February 2011. Accessed: 23 February 2011.
  19. ^ Statoil Draws On Offshore Oil Expertise To Develop World's First Floating Wind Turbine. NewTechnology magazine. 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2009-10-21. 
  20. ^ Turker, Tux (2009-05-19). "Maine task force to identify offshore wind energy sites". Energy Current. Retrieved 2009-06-07. [dead link]
  21. ^ Donovan, Matthew (2009-08-11). "Subsea cable installed at Hywind project". Energy Current. Retrieved 2009-09-02. [dead link]
  22. ^ Terje Riis-Johansen, Minister of Petroleum and Energy, Norway (2009-10-09). "Speech: Opening of Hywind – the world’s first full-scale floating wind turbine". Norway Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. Retrieved 2009-10-21. 
  23. ^ Stensvold, Tore. Delivery of first wind turbine boat (in Norwegian) Weekly Technicals, 10 November 2010. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
  24. ^ Nilsen, Jannicke. Statoil wants Hywind in Japan Teknisk Ukeblad, 4 April 2011. Accessed: 4 April 2011.
  25. ^ Garrett, Paul (2011-06-24). "Scotland and US next pilot sites for Hywind floating project". Windpower Monthly. Retrieved 2011-09-27. 
  26. ^ a b Shankleman, Jessica. Vestas floats plan for WindPlus offshore demo Business Green, 18 February 2011. Accessed: 23 February 2011.
  27. ^ Snieckus, Darius (18 December 2012). "Principle Power lands $43m funding double for WindFloat". RechargeNews. Retrieved 21 December 2012. 
  28. ^ Vestas, WindPlus to deploy floating wind turbine structure Composites World, 21 February 2011. Accessed: 23 February 2011.
  29. ^ Balogh, Emily (2008-12-18). "Deepwater Offshore Wind Power Generation Using Oil and Gas Platform Technology". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 
  30. ^ Rasmussen, Daniel. Vestas in experiment with floating wind turbine (in Danish). Source: Ing.dk, 21 February 2011. Accessed: 22 February 2011. "When the wind turns, the platform is kept level by pumping more water into one of the three cylinders"
  31. ^ "Principle Power & EDP to Develop Floating Offshore Wind". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 
  32. ^ {{ | last = | first = | title = Principle Power & EDP to Develop Floating Offshore Wind | publisher = expresso.sapo.pt | date = 2013-02-28 | url = http://expresso.sapo.pt/eolica-mundial-inaugurada-em-agucadoura=f734388 | accessdate = 2013-02-28 }}
  33. ^ a b c Jonkman, J.M. "Dynamics Modeling and Loads Analysis of an Offshore Floating Wind Turbine" Technical Report NREL/TP-500-41958, NREL November 2007. Retrieved: 25 June 2012.
  34. ^ a b Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: Responses in a Seastate -- Pareto Optimal Designs and Economic Assessment, P. Sclavounos et al, October 2007.
  35. ^ "Design requirements for floating offshore wind turbines" International Electrotechnical Commission. Retrieved: 16 August 2012.
  36. ^ "Classification and Certification of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines" Bureau Veritas, November 2010. Retrieved: 16 August 2012.
  37. ^ Floating turbines promise to deliver reliable wind, says report, guardian.co.uk, 2010-10-11, accessed 2010-11-02. "The higher up-front costs associated with developing floating wind turbines would be offset by the fact that they would be able to access areas of deep water off the coastlne of the UK where winds are stronger and reliable. That is the conclusion of a major feasibility study..."
  38. ^ [1], The Offshore Valuation, 2010-11-08, accessed 2010-11-08.
  39. ^ a b c "Ideol web site". 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-15. 
  40. ^ "Ideol announces new floating platform". OffshoreWind.biz. 2011-04-12. 
  41. ^ Braciszeski, Kevin (2010-01-23). "Why Not Floating Windmills?". Ludington Daily News. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 
  42. ^ "U.S. Offshore Wind Energy: A Path Forward". Working Paper page 24. U.S. Offshore Wind Collaborative. 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 
  43. ^ Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration within IEA Wind Task 23: Phase IV Results Regarding Floating Wind Turbine Modeling, 2010 European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC), 20–23 April 2010, Warsaw, Poland, accessed 2010-09-11.
  44. ^ Stage, Mie (2010-11-11). "Risø floats 20MW" (in Danish). Ingeniøren. Retrieved 2011-01-17. 
  45. ^ DeepWind Risø, sourcedate. Retrieved: 11 November 2010.
  46. ^ Munck, Susanne. Future turbines Risø, Danish, 8 November 2010. Retrieved: 11 November 2010.
  47. ^ a b "Japan Plans Floating Wind Power Plant". Breakbulk. 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2011-10-12. 
  48. ^ Yoko Kubota Japan plans floating wind power for Fukushima coast Reuters, 13 September 2011. Accessed: 19 September 2011.
  49. ^ a b Quilter, James (2011-11-01). "Statoil looks to Japan with Hywind concept". WindPower Monthly. Retrieved 2011-12-01. 
  50. ^ Patton, Dominique. Mitsubishi and Fuji named for Fukushima offshore wind farm Recharge News, 6 March 2012. Accessed: 8 March 2012.
  51. ^ Maine seeks 30MW of offshore wind and tidal pilots, BrighterEnergy.org, 20100903, accessed 2010-09-12.
  52. ^ a b State point man on offshore wind clearly energized, Maine Sunday Telegram, 2010-06-06, accessed 2010-06-13, "In September, the state plans to send out bids to build the world's first floating, commercial wind farm off the Maine coast."
  53. ^ Hampton, Stuart (2012-04-30). "Statoil to demonstrate floating offshore wind turbines in the US". Bizmology (Hoovers). Retrieved 2012-05-20. "Statoil has secured the support of government officials in Maine to develop a demonstration wind park in the US with four full-scale offshore wind turbines." 
  54. ^ "Hywind 2 Demonstration (Maine)". Offshore Wind Farms Project Database. 4C Offshore. Retrieved 2013-04-03. 
  55. ^ "Pioneering Maine wind project passes 'biggest hurdle'". Portland Press Herald. 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2013-04-03. 
  56. ^ Andrew Cordle (GL Garrad Hassan) & Jason Jonkman (NREL). "State of the Art in Floating Wind Turbine Design Tools" NREL/CP-5000-50543, NREL October 2011. Retrieved: 25 June 2012.
  57. ^ Naqvi, Syed Kazim. "Scale model experiments on floating offshore wind turbines" Worcester Polytechnic Institute, May 2012. Retrieved: 25 June 2012.
  58. ^ "Experimental study of the dynamic response of a TLP Wind Turbine model" p76, Technical University of Denmark 22 June 2012. Retrieved: 25 June 2012.

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