Fort Hood shooting

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Fort Hood shooting

Location of the main cantonment of Fort Hood in Bell County, Texas
Location Fort Hood, Texas,
United States
Date November 5, 2009
ca. 1:34 p.m. (CST)
Attack type Mass shooting, mass murder
Death(s) 13[1]
Injured 30[1]
Suspected perpetrator Major Nidal Malik Hasan

The Fort Hood shooting was a mass shooting that took place on November 5, 2009, at Fort Hood—the most populous United States military base in the world, located just outside Killeen, Texas—killing 13 people and wounding 31 others.[2]

The accused perpetrator, Nidal Malik Hasan, a U.S. Army major, psychiatrist, and American-born Muslim of Palestinian descent, was shot and incapacitated by civilian police officers.[3] Hasan was hospitalized on a ventilator, and by November 9 was conscious and able to talk.[4] He is being held under heavy guard and treated in an undisclosed area of Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas.[5] On November 12, he was charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder; he may face additional charges at court-martial.[6]

Contents

[edit] Shootings

At approximately 1:34 p.m. CST Hasan entered his workplace, the Soldier Readiness Center, where personnel receive routine medical treatment immediately prior to and on return from deployment. According to eyewitnesses, he took a seat at an empty table, bowed his head for several seconds,[7] and then stood up and opened fire. Initially, Hasan reportedly jumped onto a desk and shouted: "Allahu Akbar!",[8][9] before allegedly firing more than 100 rounds.[10] He allegedly fired at soldiers processing through cubicles in the center, and on a crowd gathered for a college graduation ceremony scheduled for 2 p.m. in a nearby theater.[11] Witnesses reported that Hasan appeared to focus on soldiers in uniform.[12] He had two handguns: an FN Five-seven semi-automatic pistol, which he had purchased at a civilian gun store,[13] and a .357 Magnum revolver that he may not have used.[14] A medic who treated Hasan said his combat fatigues pockets were full of pistol magazines.[15]

Map of Fort Hood. The red dot indicates the location of the Soldier Readiness Processing Center, where the shootings took place

Unarmed army reserve Captain John Gaffaney attempted to stop Hasan, but was mortally wounded in the process.[16] Base civilian police Sergeant Kimberly Munley, who had arrived on the scene within three minutes of receiving the report of an emergency at the center, encountered Hasan exiting the building in pursuit of a wounded soldier. Munley and Hasan exchanged shots; Munley was hit three times: twice through her left leg and once in her right wrist, knocking her to the ground.[17] In the meantime, civilian police officer Sergeant Mark Todd arrived and fired at Hasan. Todd said: "He was firing at people as they were trying to run and hide. Then he turned and fired a couple of rounds at me. I didn't hear him say a word, he just turned and fired."[18] Hasan was hit and felled by shots from Todd,[3][19] who then kicked a pistol out of Hasan's hand, and placed him in handcuffs as he fell unconscious.[20]

The incident lasted about 10 minutes.[21] Thirteen people, 12 soldiers and 1 civilian, were killed; 11 died at the scene, and 2 later in a hospital.[22][23] Thirty others were wounded before Hasan was shot at least four times by local police officers.[24]

Initially, three soldiers were believed to have been involved in the shooting; two other soldiers were detained, but subsequently released. The Fort Hood website posted a notice indicating that the shooting was not a drill. Immediately after the shooting, the base and surrounding areas were locked down by military police and SWAT teams, which was lifted around 7 p.m., local time.[25] In addition, FBI agents from Austin and Waco[26] and Texas Rangers were dispatched.[27] United States President Barack Obama was briefed on the incident; Obama later made a statement about the shooting.[1]

[edit] Casualties

A victim of the shooting is transported on a table to a waiting ambulance

The 43 casualties of the shooting comprised 13 dead (12 soldiers; 1 unborn child; 1 Army civilian employee); 30 others with gunshot wounds were hospitalized.[1][2]

Ten of the injured were treated at Scott & White Memorial Hospital, a Level 1 trauma center in Temple, Texas.[28] Seven more wounded victims were taken to Metroplex Adventist Hospital in Killeen.[28] Eight others received hospital treatment for shock.[2] Of those wounded at least 17 were service-members, and at least 7 were civilians.[29] On November 20 it was announced that 8 of the wounded service-members will still deploy overseas.[30]

[edit] Fatalities

The 13 killed were:

Name Age Hometown Rank or Occupation
Michael Grant Cahill[31] 62 Spokane, Washington Civilian Physician Assistant
L. Eduardo Caraveo[32] 52 Woodbridge, Virginia Major
Justin Michael DeCrow[33] 32 Plymouth, Indiana Staff Sergeant
John P. Gaffaney[34] 56 Serra Mesa, California Captain[35]
Frederick Greene[31] 29 Mountain City, Tennessee Specialist
Jason Dean Hunt[31] 22 Tipton, Oklahoma Specialist
Amy Sue Krueger[31] 29 Kiel, Wisconsin Sergeant
Aaron Thomas Nemelka[31] 19 West Jordan, Utah Private First Class
Michael S. Pearson[36] 22 Bolingbrook, Illinois Private First Class
Russell Gilbert Seager[29] 51 Racine, Wisconsin Captain[37]
Francheska Velez ‡[38] 21 Chicago, Illinois Private First Class
Juanita L. Warman[29] 55 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Lieutenant Colonel[39]
Kham See Xiong[31] 23 Saint Paul, Minnesota Private First Class
‡ Francheska Velez was pregnant at the time of her death.[40]

[edit] Suspect

Main article: Nidal Malik Hasan
Major Nidal Hasan

Major Nidal Malik Hasan, a 39-year-old American of Palestinian descent, is the sole suspect in the shootings. He is a U.S. Army psychiatrist and MD. Hasan is a practicing Muslim. who according to one of his cousins became more devout after the deaths of his parents in 1998 and 2001.[41] His cousin did not recall him ever expressing radical or anti-American views.[41] Another cousin, Nader Hasan, a lawyer in Virginia, said that Nidal Hasan's opinion turned against the wars after he heard stories from people who returned from Afghanistan and Iraq.[42]

Hasan attended the Dar Al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia, in 2001, at the same time as Nawaf al-Hazmi and Hani Hanjour, two of the hijackers in the September 11 attacks.[43][44] However, there have not been any allegations that Hasan ever knew them or conspired with them.[45]

Once, while presenting what was supposed to be a medical lecture to other psychiatrists, Hasan instead talked about Islam, and stated that non-believers would be sent to hell, decapitated, set on fire, and have burning oil poured down their throats. A Muslim psychiatrist in the audience raised his hand, and said he was also a Muslim and did not believe Hasan's claims.[46] According to Associated Press, Hasan's lecture also "justified suicide bombings."[47]

According to National Public Radio (NPR), officials at Walter Reed Medical Center repeatedly expressed concern about Hasan's behavior during the entire six years he was there. During that time period, Hasan's supervisors gave him poor evaluations and warned him that he was doing substandard work. In the spring of 2008 (and on later occasions) several key officials met to discuss what to do about Hasan. Attendees of these meetings reportedly included the Walter Reed chief of psychiatry, the chairman of the USUHS Psychiatry Department, two assistant chairs of the USUHS Psychiatry Department (one of whom was the director of Hasan's psychiatry fellowship), another psychiatrist, and the director of the Walter Reed psychiatric residency program. According to NPR, fellow students and faculty were strongly troubled by Hasan's behavior, which they described as "disconnected," "aloof," "paranoid," "belligerent," and "schizoid."[48]

Hasan has expressed admiration for the teachings of Anwar al-Awlaki, who was the Dar al-Hijrah mosque's imam in 2000-02,[49] and was investigated by the FBI after intelligence agencies intercepted 18 emails between him and al-Awkali, who was under surveillance, between December 2008 and June 2009. In one of the emails Hasan wrote al-Awlaki: "I can't wait to join you" in the afterlife. "It sounds like code words," said Lt. Col. Tony Shaffer, a military analyst at the Center for Advanced Defense Studies. "That he's actually either offering himself up or that he's already crossed that line in his own mind." Hasan also asked al-Awlaki when jihad is appropriate, and whether it is permissible if innocents are killed in a suicide attack.[50]

Army employees were informed of the contacts, but no threat was perceived; the emails were judged to be consistent with mental health research about Muslims in the armed services.[51] A DC-based joint terrorism task force that operates under the FBI was notified, and the information reviewed by one of its Defense Criminal Investigative Service employees. The assessment concluded there was not sufficient information for a larger investigation.[52] Despite two Defense Department investigators on two joint task forces having looked into Hasan's communications, higher-ups at the Department of Defense stated they were not notified before the incident of such investigations.[53]

In July 2009 he was transferred from Washington's Walter Reed Medical to Fort Hood.

Hasan gave away furniture from his home on the morning of the shooting, saying he was going to be deployed.[54][55] He also handed out copies of the Qur'an, along with his business cards which listed a Maryland phone number and read "Behavioral Heatlh [sic] - Mental Health - Life Skills | Nidal Hasan, MD, MPH | SoA(SWT) | Psychiatrist".[54][55] According to investigators, the acronym "SoA" is commonly used on jihadist websites as an acronym for "Soldier of Allah" or "Servant of Allah", and SWT is commonly used by Muslims to mean "subhanahu wa ta'ala" (Glory to God).[56] The cards did not reflect his military rank. A spokesperson for U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, one of the first officials to comment on Hasan's background,[57] told reporters that Hasan was upset about his deployment to Afghanistan on November 28.[58][59] Noel Hamad, Hasan's aunt,[60] said that the family was not aware he was being sent to Afghanistan.[61]

[edit] Possible motivation

Immediately after the shooting, analysts and public officials openly debated Hasan's motive and preceding psychological state: A military activist, Selena Coppa, said: "This man was a psychiatrist and was working with other psychiatrists every day and they failed to notice how deeply disturbed someone right in their midst was."[18]

The Dallas Morning News reported on November 17 that ABC News, citing anonymous sources, reported that investigators suspect that the shootings were triggered by superiors' refusal to process Hasan’s requests that some of his patients be prosecuted for war crimes based on statements they made during psychiatric sessions with him. Dallas attorney Patrick McLain, an ex-Marine, opined that Hasan may have been legally justified in reporting what patients disclosed, but that it was impossible to be sure without knowing exactly what was said, while fellow psychiatrists complained to superiors that Hasan's actions violated doctor-patient confidentiality.[62]

U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman called for a probe by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, which he chairs. Lieberman said "it's premature to reach conclusions about what motivated Hasan ... I think it's very important to let the Army and the FBI go forward with this investigation before we reach any conclusions."[63][64] Two weeks later, Lieberman labeled the shooting "the most destructive terrorist attack on America since September 11, 2001."[65]

Michael Welner, M.D., a leading forensic psychiatrist with experience examining mass shooters, said that the shooting had elements common to both ideological and workplace mass shootings.[66] Welner, who believed the motivation was to create a "spectacle", said that a trauma care worker, even one afflicted with stress, would not be expected to be homicidal toward his patients unless his ideology trumped his Hippocratic oath–and this was borne out in his shouting "Allahu Akhbar" as he killed the unarmed.[66] An analyst of terror investigations, Carl Tobias, opined that the attack did not fit the profile of terrorism, and was more reminiscent of the Virginia Tech shooting.[67]

However, Michael Scheuer, the retired former head of the Bin Laden Issue Station, and former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey[68] have called the event a terrorist attack,[67] as has terrorism expert Walid Phares.[69] Retired General Barry McCaffrey said on Anderson Cooper 360° that "it's starting to appear as if this was a domestic terrorist attack on fellow soldiers by a major in the Army who we educated for six years while he was giving off these vibes of disloyalty to his own force."[70]

Anwar al-Awlaki, who now lives in Yemen, was the spiritual leader of the Falls Church, Virginia, mosque when Hasan attended it, knew three of the 9/11 hijackers, and Hasan recently exchanged e-mails with him. After the shooting, he stated on his blog that "Nidal Hasan is a hero, the fact that fighting against the U.S. army is an Islamic duty today cannot be disputed. Nidal has killed soldiers who were about to be deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in order to kill Muslims."[71]

Some of Hasan's former colleagues have said he performed substandard work and occasionally unnerved them by expressing fervent Islamic views and deep opposition to the U.S.-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.[72]

Brian Levin of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism wrote that the case sits at the crossroads of crime, terrorism and mental distress.[73] He compared the possible role of religion to the beliefs of Scott Roeder, a Christian who murdered Dr. George Tiller, who practiced abortion. Such offenders "often self-radicalize from a volatile mix of personal distress, psychological issues, and an ideology that can be sculpted to justify and explain their anti-social leanings."[73]

Hasan's family has called the shooting "despicable and deplorable." They are currently working with Virginia law enforcement.[74]

[edit] Reaction

Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey, Jr. (right) and Army Secretary John McHugh discuss the shootings at a press conference at Fort Hood the day after the shootings.

In the hours after the shooting, other U.S. military bases stepped up their security measures.[75][76]

Lieutenant General Robert W. Cone, commander of III Corps at Fort Hood, called the attack "a terrible tragedy, stunning", saying the base community was "absolutely devastated."[77] He said that terrorism was not being ruled out, but preliminary evidence did not suggest that the shooting was terrorism.[78] A spokesman for the Defense Department called the shooting an "isolated and tragic case",[79] and Defense Secretary Robert Gates pledged that his department would do "everything in its power to help the Fort Hood community get through these difficult times."[80] The chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Carl Levin, expressed condolences to the families of those who lost their lives and those who were injured.[80]

President Barack Obama,[1] Vice President Joe Biden,[81] and former President George W. Bush issued statements of support and sympathy for the victims,[82] as did other prominent American politicians. Texas Governor Rick Perry and Senators Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn also issued messages of shock and sympathy.[26][83]

U.S. President Barack Obama at the memorial for the victims of the shootings at Fort Hood

The U.S. President's initial response to the attack came as he was about to make a speech at the Tribal Nations Conference for America’s 564 federally recognized Native American tribes. Obama has been criticized by the media for not opening his speech by addressing the shooting, and for using colloquialisms in addressing the conference itself and members of the audience,[84][85][86] in contrast to his remarks at a memorial service for dead service men and women on November 10.[87]

Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano stated "we object to—and do not believe—that anti-Muslim sentiment should emanate from this ... This was an individual who does not, obviously, represent the Muslim faith."[88] Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey, Jr. said "I'm concerned that this increased speculation could cause a backlash against some of our Muslim soldiers ... Our diversity, not only in our Army, but in our country, is a strength. And as horrific as this tragedy was, if our diversity becomes a casualty, I think that’s worse."[89]

The Council on American-Islamic Relations condemned the shooting, expressing prayers for the victims and condolences for their families.[90][91] The League of United Latin American Citizens issued a statement referring to the loss of a "LULAC family member".[92] President of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, Paul Helmke, said that "This latest tragedy, at a heavily fortified army base, ought to convince more Americans to reject the argument that the solution to gun violence is to arm more people with more guns in more places."[93] However, Lt. General Cone stated the on-base firearm policy: "As a matter of practice, we do not carry weapons on Fort Hood. This is our home."[94] Military weapons are only used for training or by base security, and personal weapons must be kept locked away by the provost marshal.[95] Specialist Jerry Richard, a soldier working at the Readiness Center, expressed the opinion that this policy had left them unnecessarily vulnerable to violent assaults: "Overseas you are ready for it. But here you can't even defend yourself."[96]

A dissident Saudi cleric and former inspiration to Osama bin Laden, Salman al-Ouda, dispraised the shooting saying, "Incidents [such as the Ft. Hood shootings] have bad consequences, and undoubtedly this man might have a psychological problem; he may be a psychiatrist but he [also] might have had psychological distress, as he was being commissioned to go to Iraq or Afghanistan, and he was capable of refusing to work whatever the consequences were."[97]

Michael Kern, the President of the Fort Hood Iraq Veterans Against the War chapter attempted to hand President Obama a statement from the organization, when the President visited his barracks on November 10, 2009. The statement in part demanded that the military radically overhaul its mental health care system and halt the practice of repeated deployment of the same troops.[98]

Soon after the attack, on his website Anwar al-Awlaki posted praise for Hasan for the shooting, and encouraged other Muslims serving in the military to "follow in the footsteps of men like Nidal."[49]

[edit] Investigation and prosecution

The criminal investigation is being conducted jointly by the FBI, the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command, and the Texas Rangers Division.[99] Hasan is being represented by Belton, Texas-based John P. Galligan, a criminal defense attorney and retired US Army Colonel.[100] Galligan said that during a November 21 hearing in his client's hospital room, a magistrate ruled that there was probable cause that Hasan committed the November 5 shooting, and ordered that he be held in pre-trial confinement after he is released from hospital care.[88]

As a member of the military, Hasan is subject to the jurisdiction of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (military law). While he regained consciousness and has been able to communicate since November 9, Hasan has refused to talk to investigators.[101] Shortly after the killing spree, speculation arose that the murders constituted an act of terrorism, and that Hasan could be tried under Federal law.[102]

On November 12, Hasan was charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder by the military, and he may face additional charges at court-martial. A 14th count for the death of the unborn child of Francheska Velez under the Unborn Victims of Violence Act is being considered.[6][103][104] If civilian prosecutors indict him for being part of a terrorist plot, it could justify moving his case into federal criminal courts under U.S. anti-terrorism laws.[105][106]

The military justice system rarely carries out capital punishment—even in mass murder cases—and no executions have been carried out since 1961.[106][107] (From 1916 to 1961, the U.S. Army executed 135 people).[108] A Rasmussen national survey found that 65% of Americans favor the death penalty in Hasan's case, and that 60% want the case investigated as an act of terrorism.[109]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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  4. ^ Khabrein Indian Journal http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28938&Itemid=1
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  40. ^ Peter Slevin (November 6, 2009). "Francheska Velez, who had disarmed bombs in Iraq, was pregnant and headed home". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/06/AR2009110603322.html. 
  41. ^ a b Dao, James (November 5, 2009). "Suspect Was ‘Mortified’ About Deployment". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/us/06suspect.html. Retrieved November 7, 2009. 
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  44. ^ "Alleged Shooter Tied to Mosque of 9 / 11 Hijackers". The New York Times. November 8, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/11/08/us/politics/AP-US-Fort-Hood-Muslims.html. 
  45. ^ "Hasan's Computer Reveals No Terror Ties," KNX 1070, November 9, 2009
  46. ^ Officials Begin Putting Shooting Pieces Together, NPR, November 6, 2009
  47. ^ Clear warning signs, Hasan’s colleagues say, Associated Press/MSNBC, November 7, 2009
  48. ^ Walter Reed Officials Asked: Was Hasan Psychotic?, NPR, November 11, 2009
  49. ^ a b By PAMELA HESS and EILEEN SULLIVAN (AP) (November 9, 2009). "Radical imam praises alleged Fort Hood shooter". The Associated Press:. Google.com. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hDlRkRffovJlX8OT05h89h3zfgWwD9BS4ETO3. Retrieved November 10, 2009. 
  50. ^ Ross, Brian, and Schwartz, Rhonda, "Major Hasan's E-Mail: 'I Can't Wait to Join You' in Afterlife; American Official Says Accused Shooter Asked Radical Cleric When Is Jihad Appropriate?," ABC News, November 19, 2009, accessed November 19, 2009
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