Fort Nisqually
Fort Nisqually Granary | |
 | |
  | |
| Location | Point Defiance Park Tacoma, Washington |
|---|---|
| Area | 726 square feet[1] |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000647 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 15, 1970 |
| Designated NHL | April 15, 1970[2] |
Fort Nisqually Site | |
| |
| Location | NW of Dupont off I-5 |
|---|---|
| Nearest city | Dupont, Washington |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001971 |
| Added to NRHP | October 16, 1974 |
Fort Nisqually was an important fur trading and farming post of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Puget Sound area of what is now DuPont, Washington and was part of the Hudson's Bay Company's Columbia Department. Today it is a living history museum located in Tacoma, Washington, USA, within the boundaries of Point Defiance Park. The Fort Nisqually Granary, moved along with the Factor's House from the original site of the second fort to this park, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
Foundation
The Hudson's Bay Company expanded to the west coast by forming the Columbia District to oversee its operations in what was known by American interests as the Oregon Country. Forts would be built in the District at central fur gathering locations, accessible to a large number of tribes. In 1824, Fort Vancouver was built a few miles from the Columbia River to the south and Fort Langley was built in 1827 on the Fraser River to the North. The Cowlitz Portage, an overland and shortcut route was soon created, and thus a vital link between the two forts was established. After the attack and murder of Alexander McKenzie and four men in his party on this route,[3] it was determined a fort located at a half way point was needed for safety and security reasons.
The new midway location was at Nisqually, chosen for its excellent ship anchorage, its convenience for overland travel, the friendliness of local tribes and its prairies for grazing animals and growing crops. Located near the mouth of Sequalitchew Creek on the plains north of the Nisqually River Delta, in the present town of DuPont, Washington, Nisqually House was built in April 1832. The staff was only three men with a few supplies left behind to manage it. The first building of station was a storehouse of fifteen by twenty feet built on the beach, the first European trading post on the Puget Sound.[4]
Operations
One year later in May 1833, Chief Trader Archibald MacDonald returned with William Fraser Tolmie, who spent the year there and wrote about the region extensively, and seven men to begin the construction of a permanent fort. The men were dependent upon the surrounding native villages for sustenance, Tolmie complaining that "In the way of living, the resources of the country [are very] scanty in this part of it--the animal hunters [are] both lazy & selfish however we much encourage [them] with an occasional load of Ammunition..."[4] Relations with neighboring Indigenous people began to deepen, the officers of the post meeting with Chief Gray Head of the Steilacooms in 1833.[4] Trading with the nearby Puyallup tribe and more distant S'Klallams developed in the same year.[4]
Fort Nisqually was operated and served by Scottish gentlemen, Native Americans, Kanakas (Hawaiians), French-Canadians, Metis, West Indians, Englishmen and, in later years a handful of Americans.[5] Fort Nisqually grew from an obscure trading post to major international trading establishment, despite not being a true military outpost. The fort's main export was beaver pelts that could be used for making a beaver-pelt top hat. Over the time Fort Nisqually functioned as a trading post, about 5,000 beaver, 3,000 muskrat, 2,000 raccoon and 1,500 river otter furs were collected.[6] In 1841, a large number of the Sinclair Expedition settlers chose Fort Nisqually as their final destination.
Catholic missionary Jean Bolduc described the station in 1843 as having:
an enclosure of fir logs, on an average eighteen feet high, enclosing a space one hundred fifty feet on each side and having a small unarmed bastion at the four corners. Inside is a house for the superintendent, a store for trading in furs and several small buildings for the lodging of servitors and voyageurs.[7]
Tolmie was chief factor of Fort Nisqually as well as the manager of the Puget Sound Agricultural Company from 1843 to 1857. His tenure covered the transition from British to American control beginning in 1846 as result of the Oregon Treaty, and the Puget Sound War. He was well respected because of his experience with the region and maintained friendly relations with the British, Indigenous peoples and American settlers. The station was removed in 1843 to be closer to Edmonds Marsh and Sequalitchew Creek, putting it in proximity of a water source and timber. Along with the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, a subsidiary of HBC, Fort Nisqually also started to export livestock and crops for local consumption and export to Russian Alaska, Hawaii, Alta California, Europe and Asia. The herds of cattle, originally from Mexico, numbered over 2,000 in 1845 and supplied many of the HBC forts in the region.[5] The sheep herds maintained were "aristocrats of the wool breeds", being composed of mixtures of Chevoit, Leicester and Southdown breeds.[5] The flocks numbered almost 6,000 in 1845, doubled in size by 1849 but began a decrease of numbers until by 1856 the station had a little over 5,000.[5]
Oregon Treaty
The 1846 treaty between the United States and Great Britain established the border between British North America and the United States at the 49th parallel, which left Fort Nisqually on American soil. Early American settlers on the Puget Sound began arriving in numbers during the 1850s to claim land authorized by the Donation Land Claim Act. This group was dependent upon Fort Nisqually for "those supplies which they themselves could not produce."[5] Bartering was the norm, with agricultural produce accepted as payment by the HBC post.[5] Squatters from the United States became a problem for Fort Nisqually. Twenty-eight separate attempts to take portions of the fort's land happened in 1851, jumping to 50 incidents two years later.[5] The herds of Fort Nisqually became targeted as well, an officer reporting in 1854 that "two or three bands of Americans [are] constantly about the plains killing our beef..."[5] With the fur trade in decline and increasing harassment from American settlers, tax collectors, and revenue agents, Fort Nisqually closed in 1869. A former employee of Fort Nisqually, Mr. Huggins, became an American citizen and took over the site as his homestead.[8]
Restoration
In the 1930s, Fort Nisqually was rebuilt in its current location in Point Defiance Park in Tacoma, Washington. The restoration was part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal program to provide jobs to the Depression stricken nation. The effort was funded and backed by the WPA and the Tacoma Businessmen's Association. Only two buildings, the granary and factor's house, were moved from their original locations, the rest having fallen into decay.
The Fort Nisqually Granary was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.[1][2][9]
Fort Nisqually today
Today, the restored Fort Nisqually is a living history museum run by employees and volunteers. Two of the original buildings, the Factor's House, and the Granary remain. In addition, there is a trade store, working blacksmith shop, laborers dwelling house, demonstration kitchen, and kitchen garden. Fort Nisqually has seen recent changes designed to capture its original character. These changes include, most significantly, the restoration of the Factor's House, and the relocation and restoration of the two 1930s era bastions. In addition a section of the palisades wall is designed to replicate the 1847 era wall.
Archeology was conducted in 1988–89 to determine the placement, orientation and size of the northeast bastion and palisades wall. Hundreds of artifacts were discovered and catalogued and have added to the historical record. In addition, much research has been conducted using the original journals as well as hundreds of letters of Edward Huggins. Huggins was a clerk of the HBC who arrived in 1850. Huggins, originally a Londoner, eventually became an American citizen and homesteaded the land and buildings after it was abandoned by the HBC. He lived on the land until 1906 when he died of colon cancer. The restored fort is managed by Metro Parks Tacoma.
The 1833 location is located on The Home Course golf course in DuPont. The 1843 location in DuPont, where the buildings now at Point Defiance were originally located, is owned by The Archaeological Conservancy, is managed by DuPont Historical Society, and is closed to the public, except when opened as part of the Fort Nisqually celebration held each year. Logs mark the location of the original walls, but there are no buildings remaining. The only visible remnants of the original fort are a line of black locust trees, planted in the 1850s. DuPont's History Museum has information on the site plans and a collection of other items from the Hudson's Bay Company.
Management
| Manager | Position | Tenure |
|---|---|---|
| Francis Heron | Chief Trader | 1833-1834[10] |
| William Kittson | clerk | 1834-1840[10] |
| Alexander C. Anderson | clerk | 1840-1841[10] |
| Joseph T. Heath | 1841[10] | |
| William Henry McNeill | Chief Trader | 1841-1842[10] |
| Angus McDonald | postmaster | 1842-1843[10] |
| William Fraser Tolmie | clerk | 1843-1847[10] |
| William Fraser Tolmie | Chief Trader | 1847-1855[10] |
| William Fraser Tolmie | Chief Factor | 1855-1859[10] |
| Edward Huggins | clerk | 1859-1870[10] |
References
- ^ a b David Maul (September 1993). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Granary at Fort Nisqually / New Granary at Fort Nisqually" (pdf). National Park Service.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) (text from pages 24 to 49 included within same scanned PDF file as other documents cited, additional accompanying pages include drawings, photographs, maps) - ^ a b "Fort Nisqually Granary". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ^ Hunt, Herbert, and Kaylor, Floyd C. Washington, West of the Cascades: Historical and Descriptive; the Explorers, the Indians, the Pioneers, the Modern, Volume 1 p.29; S. J. Clarke publishing Company (1917) - Washington (State)
- ^ a b c d Bagley, Clarence B. Journal of Occurrences at Nisqually House, 1833. The Washington Historical Quarterly 6, No. 3 (1915), pp. 179-197
- ^ a b c d e f g h Galbraith, John S. The British and Americans at Fort Nisqually, 1846-1859. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 41, No. 2, (1950), pp. 109-120
- ^ Beidleman, Richard G. Early Fur Returns from the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Mammalogy 39, No. 1 (1958), 146–147
- ^ Gibson, James R. Farming the Frontier, the Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country 1786-1846. Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press. 1985, p. 60.
- ^ Sperlin, O.B. Washington Forts of the Fur Trade Regime. The Washington Historical Quarterly 8, No.2 (1917), pp. 103–113
- ^ Charles W. Snell (February 16, 1967). "National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: The Granary and Factor's House, Fort Nisqually" (pdf). National Park Service.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) (includes also Fort Nisqually and Nisqually Farm, similar document by Charles W. Snell, Nisqually Farm document by Snell, and National Historic Landmark Nomination document by Maul, and other documents including maps, drawings, and photographs, 80 pages in total) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Watson, Bruce M. Lives Lived West of the Divide: A Biographical Dictionary of Fur Traders Working West of the Rockies, 1793-1858. Okanagan: The Centre for Social, Spatial and Economic Justice of the University of British Columbia, 2010. p. 1073
External links
- Official site of Fort Nisqually
- Fort Nisqually Living History Museum - official site
- DuPont Museum's articles on both Fort Nisqually locations
Historic HBC operations in the Pacific Northwest | |||||
| Columbia Department |  | ||||
| New Caledonia District |
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- Fur trade
- North Tacoma, Washington
- National Register of Historic Places in Tacoma, Washington
- National Historic Landmarks in Washington (state)
- Oregon Country
- Forts in Washington (state)
- Hudson's Bay Company forts
- Museums in Tacoma, Washington
- Living museums in Washington (state)
- Hudson's Bay Company forts in the United States
- Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
- Military and war museums in Washington (state)
- History of Tacoma, Washington
- British forts in the United States
- Point Defiance
- Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
- Buildings and structures in Tacoma, Washington
- Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
- 1833 establishments in the British Empire
- Visitor attractions in Tacoma, Washington