Forts of Vincennes, Indiana
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During the 18th and 19th centuries, the French, British and American nations built and occupied a number of forts at Vincennes, Indiana. These outposts commanded a strategic position on the Wabash River.
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[edit] Fort Vincennes
The first trading post on the Wabash River was established by the Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of Montréal. He, with thirty-four Canadiens, founded the company post 28 October 1702 for the purpose of trading Buffalo hides. The post was evidently a success; in the first two years, they collected over 13,000 buffalo hides.[1] When Juchereau died, the post was abandoned, and the settlers left what they considered hostile territory for Mobile, the capital of Louisiana. The exact location of Juchereau's trading post is not known, but because of the crossing of the Buffalo Trace across the Wabash at Vincennes, it is thought by some to have been at or near the modern city of Vincennes.
François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, acting under the authority of the French colony of Louisiana, constructed a fort in 1731-1732. The outpost was designed to secure the lower Wabash Valley for France, mostly by strengthening ties with the Miami, Wea, and Piankashaw nations.[2] It was named Fort Vincennes in honor of Vincennes, who was captured and burned at the stake during a war with the Chickasaw nation in 1735. In 1736, Louis Groston de Bellerive de St. Ange assumed command of the post. He rebuilt the fort, turned the post into a major trading center, and recruited French traders to lure native peoples to settle there. By 1750, the Piankashaw resettled their village near the post.[3]
On May 18, 1764, St. Ange left the post under British orders to assume command of Fort Chartres. He transferred command to Drouet de Richerville, a local citizen.[4]
British Lt. John Ramsey came to Vincennes in 1766. He took a census of the settlement, built up the fort, and renamed it Fort Sackville in honor of Lord George Sackville, who had led British forces to victory over the French in the Battle of Minden. The population grew quickly in the years that followed, creating a unique culture of interdependent Native Americans with French and British farmers, craftsmen, and traders.Vincennes, Indiana stands where the fort used to be.
[edit] Forts Sackville and Patrick Henry
Following the French and Indian War, the British and colonial governments could not afford the cost of maintaining frontier posts. They did not station troops in the Wabash Valley at all for a decade following the conflict. Thus Fort Vincennes fell into disrepair,[5] and Vincennes was ordered evacuated due to ongoing lawlessness.[6] The residents united and were able to prove to the British authorities that they were permanent residents, not illegal squatters. British neglect came to an end on June 2, 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, assimilating the settlements along the Wabash and Missouri Rivers into the Province of Quebec. Lieutenant Governor Edward Abbott was sent to Vincennes without troops. Making the best of it, he rebuilt the fort and named it Fort Sackville after Lord George Sackville. Abbott soon resigned, citing lack of support from the crown.[7]
In July 1778, Father Pierre Gibault arrived with news of the alliance between France and the new United States. The French residents took control of the unoccupied Fort Sackville, and George Rogers Clark sent Leonard Helm to command the post. In December, a British force consisting of The King's 8th Regiment and Detroit Volunteers *"The King's, or 8th Regiment - Detroit Garrison" under Lieutenant-Governor Henry Hamilton retook the fort, and Captain Helm.[8] Lieutenant Colonel George Rogers Clark marched 130 men through 180 miles of wilderness to Vincennes in February 1779. As he entered town, the French settlers and native peoples joined his force to capture the fort again. Clark had Hamilton's native allies tomahawked to death as an example and sent Hamilton and his men to the Williamburg jail as prisoners. He renamed the post Fort Patrick Henry.[9]
Clark's aim in his wilderness campaigns was to remove the British as a threat to Virginia's settlements south of the Ohio River. After accomplishing that objective, he returned to Kentucky in an unsuccessful attempt to raise troops for an assault on Fort Detroit. In spring 1780, the Virginia troops left the fort in the hands of local militia.[10]
After the Revolution, several dozen Kentucky families settled in Vincennes. Friction between these Americans, the French local government and the native peoples moved Virginia Governor Patrick Henry to dispatch George Rogers Clark to send troops to the region. Clark arrived at Vincennes in 1786. His attempts to negotiate with neighboring native peoples were unsuccessful. Instead, he created an incident by seizing the goods of Spanish traders, enraging the local population and risking war with Spain. Under orders from the new United States government, Clark and his men left Vincennes in the spring of 1787.[11]
[edit] Fort Knox I and II
The new United States government built a new fort, just up the street from the old one, and named it Ft. Knox (usually referred to by local historians as Fort Knox I), after the US Secretary of War. During the relative peace with both the British and the Indians from 1787-1803, this was basically the western-most American military outpost.
The garrison at Fort Knox and the population at Vincennes did not get along. In 1796, the garrison was ordered not to venture beyond 100 yards of Fort Knox.[12] Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison petitioned Secretary of War Henry Dearborn for money to build a new fort. In 1803, the federal government approved $200 to build a new fort, and the War Department bought land for the new fort north of Vincennes, at a landing about three miles up the Wabash river called Petit Rocher, which offered a good view up the river.[13] This fort was also called Ft. Knox, and referred to locally as Ft. Knox II. The sleepy little fort was famous mostly for duels (Captain Posey shot his second-in-command in 1811) and desertion. But by 1811 disagreements between Gov. Harrison and Indian leader Tecumseh were reaching a head. A new captain, Zachary Taylor, was put in charge of the fort.
Late in 1811 Ft. Knox II had its most important period when it was used as the muster point for Governor Harrison as he gathered his troops, both regular US army and militia, prior to the march to Prophetstown and the Battle of Tippecanoe. After the battle the troops returned to Ft. Knox at Vincennes and several died there from their wounds. The Ft. Knox II site is now a state historic site, with the outline of the fort marked with short posts and interpretive signage in a park setting.
In 1813, as the War of 1812 increased the chances of attacks by Native Americans, it was determined that the site outside town was too far away to protect the town. Ft. Knox II was disassembled, floated down the Wabash, and reassembled just a few yards from where Ft. Knox I had been. After the war, the threat of attacks again decreased, and friction between residents and soldiers again became an issue. Since the Native American territories decreased and moved farther north, it was decided to move the garrison to Fort Harrison, near Terre Haute, where the troops had won a battle a few years before. On 10 February 1816, the garrison was ordered to Fort Harrison, and Fort Knox was abandoned. Within weeks, Vincennes residents had stripped the fort of all usable materials.[14]
[edit] Commanders of Fort Knox
| Name | Command Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Major John Hamtramck | 1787 | Took command of Fort Lernoult in 1796 |
| Captain Thomas Pasteur[15] | Ordered garrison to stay within 100 yards of Fort Knox on 6 March 1796
Given command of Fort Massac in 1798. |
|
| Captain Honest F. Johnston | 1798[12] | |
| Captain Cornelius Lyman | 1802[12] | Began construction of Fort Knox II |
| Captain George Rogers Clark Floyd | 1809[16] | Arrived with reinforcements due to Native American unrest, and assumed command |
| Captain Thornton Posey | 1811[16] | Arrived with reinforcements to help finish construction of Fort Knox II
Fled Vincennes after killing Lieutenant Jesse Jennings. |
| Captain Zachary Taylor | 1811[16] | Assumed command after Captain Posey fled |
| Lieutenant Josiah Bacon | 1811 | Bacon could not travel to the Battle of Tippecanoe due to an injury caused by a powder explosion, so he was left in temporary command of the fort.[17] |
| Lieutenant Thomas H. Richardson | 1813[18] | Given command of construction of Fort Knox III
Captain Zachary Taylor assumed command when the fort was completed and the garrison moved in. |
| Major John Chunn | 1814[18] | Ordered to abandon Fort Knox and move garrison to Fort Harrison in 1816 |
[edit] Notes
- ^ Lasselle, Charles B (March 1906). "The Old Indian Traders of Indiana". The Indiana Magazine of History (Indianapolis: George S. Cottman) II (1): 3. http://books.google.com/books?id=zpwKAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
- ^ Cayton, 18.
- ^ Cayton, 46.
- ^ Cayton, 47-48.
- ^ Cayton, 40, 62.
- ^ Barnhart, 180
- ^ Cayton, 65-67.
- ^ Cayton, 70.
- ^ Cayton, 70-73, 85.
- ^ Cayton, 85.
- ^ Cayton, 91-97.
- ^ a b c Allison, 87
- ^ Allison, 88
- ^ Allison, 91
- ^ Allison, 86
- ^ a b c Allison, 89
- ^ Derleth, 178
- ^ a b Allison, 90
- Allison, Harold (©1986, Harold Allison). The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians. Turner Publishing Company, Paducah. ISBN 0-9380-2107-9.
- Cayton, Andrew R. L. (1996). Frontier Indiana. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
- Barnhart, John D; Riker, Dorothy L (1971). Indiana to 1816. The Colonial Period. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-87195-109-6.
- Derleth, August (1968). Vincennes: Portal to the West. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. LCCN 68-20537.
[edit] External links
- "A Brief History of Vincennes" from Vincennes University
- "Battle of Vincennes, Victory for G. W. Clark" by Charles R. Lampman, Sons of the American Revolution
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