Francis Bicknell Carpenter

Francis Bicknell Carpenter
Francis Bicknell Carpenter Daguerreotype
Born	August 6, 1830(1830-08-06) Homer, Cortland County, New York
Nationality	American
Field	Painting
Training	Sanford Thayer
Works	1852 to 1896 Presidential portraits & other notables

Francis Bicknell Carpenter (August 6, 1830 – May 23, 1900) was an American painter born in Homer, New York. Carpenter is best known for his painting First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln, which is hanging in the United States Capitol. Carpenter resided with President Lincoln at the White House and in 1866 published his one volume memoir Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln. Carpenter was a descendant of the New England Rehoboth Carpenter Family.

Family

Carpenter's father was Asaph Harmon or Hammam. Asaph Carpenter was born on June 28, 1800 in Pomfret, Windham, CT. He died on October 18, 1883 and was buried in Glenwood Cem., Homer, Cortland, NY. He is number 2071 in the Carpenter Memorial. His family is listed on page 460 (# 664). His Carpenter ancestors come from Rehoboth, MA and his immigrant ancestor was William Carpenter (born 1605 England – died February 7, 1658/1659 MA).

Asaph married Almira Clark on October 3, 1826 in NY. Almira was born on May 26, 1801. She died on March 30, 1885 in Homer, Cortland, NY and she was buried in Glenwood Cem., Homer, Cortland, NY, next to her husband. Asaph and Almira had 9 children including:

• Francis Bicknell Carpenter was born on August 6, 1830 in Homer, Cortland, NY. He died of "dropsy"

on May 23, 1900 NY and was buried in Glenwood Cem., Homer, Cortland, NY. He is number 4313 in the Carpenter Memorial on page 460. His family is on page 645 (# 1144). There are extensive notes in that book.

Francis married Augusta Herrick Prentiss on January 6, 1853 in NY. Augusta was born on August 5, 1831 in NY. She died on July 4, 1926 and was buried in Glenwood Cem., Homer, Cortland, NY. Francis and Augusta had the following children:

• Clement Dewitt Carpenter was born in 1852 in of, Homer, Cortland, NY. Not listed in the Carpenter Memorial on page 645 – Family #1144. Apparently he had his own family by the time Amos Carpenter contacted his father's family and was not listed in that book. Clement married Adeline or Adaline A. Ball on September 25, 1855. Adeline was born on June 28, 1832 in Pompey,, NY. She died on July 3, 1921 in Homer, Cortland, NY and was buried in Glenwood Cem., Homer, Cortland, NY.

• Florence Trumbell Carpenter was born on March 10, 1854 in Homer, Cortland, NY. She died on December 30, 1899. She is number 6550 in the Carpenter Memorial on page 645. Florence married Albert Chester Ives on May 12, 1877 in , , NY. Albert was born about 1854 in Buffalo, NY.

• Herbert Sanford Carpenter was born on May 22, 1862 in Homer, Cortland, NY. He is number 6551 in the Carpenter Memorial on page 645. Family on page 654 (# 1478). Herbert married Cora Anderson on February 13, 1894 in NY. Cora was born on April 3, 1860(3) in of Louisville,, KY. She died in 1923 and was buried in Glenwood Cem., Homer, Cortland, NY. Her tombstone indicates she was born in 1860 in the Carpenter Memorial gives 1863.

Education

In 1844, after showing his father a painting of his mother that the former viewed as a success, Carpenter was allowed to go to Syracuse, New York for six months to study under Sanford Thayer. In 1848, at age 18, he was awarded a purchase prize by the American Art-Union. By the age of twenty-one, Carpenter established a studio in New York City. Carpenter was elected to the National Academy of Design as an associate member in 1852.

Early career

In 1852, Carpenter was commissioned to paint a portrait of President Millard Fillmore, a fellow upstate New Yorker born in Cayuga County. Commissions followed for portraits of Presidents Franklin Pierce and John Tyler, and other mid-19th century notables, including the clergyman Henry Ward Beecher; newspaper editor Horace Greeley; Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University; James Russell Lowell, poet; and John C. Fremont, the first Republican presidential candidate.

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

Main article: First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell CarpenterUse your cursor to see who is who

According to his memoir, Six Months at the White House, Carpenter was deeply moved by Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, calling it “an act unparalleled for moral grandeur in the history of mankind”, and Carpenter felt "an intense desire to do something expressive of... the great moral issue involved in the war." Carpenter, having formulated his idea for the subject of the painting and outlined its composition, fortuitously met Frederick A. Lane, a friend who recently had earned a large amount of money. Bankrolled by Lane, and through the influence of Samuel Sinclair of the New York Tribune and Congressman Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, Carpenter gained Lincoln’s assent to travel to Washington and work with him on the painting. Carpenter met with the President on February 6, 1864, and began work.

Carpenter began with many sketches of Cabinet members and of Lincoln himself, working from life, as Lincoln worked, and from photographs taken by Mathew Brady of Lincoln and members of his Cabinet. Carpenter was given free access to Lincoln’s White House office for the former purpose, and the State Dining Room was given him for a studio. On July 12, 1864, Lincoln led his cabinet into the State Dining Room to view the completed work.

When Lincoln had the painting exhibited to the public in the East Room of the White House, Carpenter noted that the exhibition was thronged with visitors. Carpenter campaigned for Congress to purchase the painting, enlisting the help of fellow Homer native William O. Stoddard, Lincoln's private secretary. Congress did not appropriate the money. The painting remained in Carpenter’s possession until 1877, when he arranged for Elizabeth Thompson to purchase it for $25,000 and donate it to Congress. A joint session of Congress was held in 1878, on Lincoln’s birthday, to serve as a reception for the painting. The artist was present at this event.

Later career and death

Following Lincoln's assassination, Carpenter produced many portraits of the President and his family; some based on memory, others on photographs provided by Lincoln’s widow. Carpenter’s skills were in decline by this time. One admirer of Carpenter’s early work wondered if a later portrait of Lincoln was a forgery.

Among the notable portraits painted by Carpenter, aside from Lincoln, were those of President Fillmore and Gov. Myron H. Clarke, painted in the New York City Hall; Horace Greeley (a portrait owned by the Tribune Association); Asa Packer, founder of Lehigh University; James Russell Lowell; New York banker David Leavitt; Dr. Lyman Beecher; Henry Ward Beecher and others.

By the late 1870s, Carpenter became increasingly interested in religion and spirituality; art historian Mary Bartlett Cowdrey believed “that religious obsession somehow undermined Carpenter’s work”. Carpenter died in New York City—a brief obituary appearing in the New York Times misstated the title of his most famous work. His body was returned to Homer, and he was buried in Glenwood Cemetery in that village.

Criticism and later exhibitions of Carpenter’s work

Carpenter’s legacy has been decidedly mixed, according to a retrospective of Carpenter’s career written for the American Art Journal. Cowdrey attempted a full-scale biography that might have helped his reputation, but became frustrated by lack of interest on the part of Carpenter’s family. Contemporary critic Henry T. Tuckerman acknowledged Carpenter’s “facility in capturing a likeness” but “criticized the artist’s lack of ‘grace’ and ‘vitality’”. The United States Senate Catalogue of Fine Art observes that First Reading, as it hangs today in the Capitol, contains a much weaker portrait of Lincoln than the engraving made from it. This is due to Carpenter’s obsessive tinkering with the original painting while he had it in his possession.

In 2006, an exhibition of portraits by Carpenter was shown at the Center for the Arts [1] in Homer, New York. Portraits by Carpenter of several figures of local historical interest were exhibited. Loans of the works were obtained from community members, the Phillips Free Library in Homer, and the Homer Central School District [2].

Portrait of Mary Todd Lincoln

First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln, photographed by Mathew Brady. Compare to the forged portrait here.

On Feburary 12, 1929, the New York Times reported the discovery of a new painting of Mary Todd Lincoln. It reported that this painting was by Francis Bicknell Carpenter. This painting was reproduced in different biographies and books such as "Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow" by Carl Sanburg, printed in 1932.

The discoverer, one Ludwig Pflum, aka Lew Bloom, sold it to the Lincoln family for about $2,000 to $3,000 US Dollars and he died about a year later. Pflum, a former vaudeville performer who dabbled in painting on the side, as Lew Bloom, claimed the painting of Mary Lincoln had not yet been presented and done in secret at the bequest of Mrs. Lincoln by the painter Francis Carpenter. After the assassination of President Lincoln, Mrs. Lincoln refused it and the painting wento into private hands until he discovered it.

This painting remained in the family until 1976, then estimated at a value of about $400,000 US dollars, when it was given to the Illinois State Historical Library, now named the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. During a 2011 restoration by art conservator Barry Bauman, it was found to be a forgery. An original oil portrait of an unknown woman, painted circa the 1860s, was modified by painting out a crucifix, adding an Abraham Lincoln brooch with other adjustments such as forging Francis Bicknell Carpenter's signature. Mr. Bauman is quoted to say, "Not only is it not Mary Lincoln, it's not Francis Carpenter."

External links

Picture History: Francis Bicknell Carpenter contains a picture of him