Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts
Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, Bt, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, KStJ, PC (30 September 1832 – 14 November 1914) was a distinguished Indian born[1] British soldier who regarded himself as Anglo-Irish[2] and one of the most successful British commanders of the 19th century.
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[edit] Early life
Born at Cawnpore, India, on 30 September 1832, Lord Roberts was the second son of General Sir Abraham Roberts,[3] a native of County Waterford in the south-east of Ireland[3] At the time Sir Abraham was commanding the 1st Bengal European Regiment. Roberts was named Sleigh in honour of the garrison commander, Major-General William Sleigh.[3] His mother was Edinburgh-born Isabella Bunbury,[3] daughter of Major Abraham Bunbury from Kilfeacle in County Tipperary.[4] Roberts was educated at Eton,[3] Sandhurst[3] and Addiscombe Military Academy[3] before entering the British East India Company Army as a Second Lieutenant with the Bengal Artillery on 12 December 1851.[3]
[edit] Indian Rebellion of 1857
He fought in the Indian rebellion (also known as the Indian Mutiny) of 1857, seeing action during the siege and capture of Delhi,[3] and was present at the relief of Lucknow, where he was attached to the staff of Sir Colin Campbell, Commander-In-Chief, India.[3]
During December 1858, Roberts was awarded the Victoria Cross medal for actions on 2 January of that year at Khudaganj.[3] The citation reads:
Lieutenant Roberts' gallantry has on every occasion been most marked.
On following the retreating enemy on the 2nd January, 1858, at Khodagunge, he saw in the distance two Sepoys going away with a standard. Lieutenant Roberts put spurs to his horse, and overtook them just as they were about to enter a village. They immediately turned round, and presented their muskets at him, and one of the men pulled the trigger, but fortunately the caps snapped, and the standard-bearer was cut down by this gallant young officer, and the standard taken possession of by him. He also, on the same day, cut down another Sepoy who was standing at bay, with musket and bayonet, keeping off a Sowar. Lieutenant Roberts rode to the assistance of the horseman, and, rushing at the Sepoy, with one blow of his sword cut him across the face, killing him on the spot.[5]
[edit] Abyssinia and Afghanistan
He transferred to the British Army in 1862 and served in the Umbeyla[3] and Abyssinian campaigns[3] of 1863 and 1867–1868 respectively, Roberts fought in the Lushai campaign[3] (1871–1872), for which he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).[3] Six years later, he was promoted to Major-General and given command of the Kuram field force in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, distinguishing himself enough to receive the thanks of Parliament and the Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB). After this success he was appointed commander of the Kabul and Kandahar field force, directing his 10,000 troops through Afghanistan to the relief of the latter city (see Battle of Kandahar).[3]
He managed to capture Kabul, and defeated Muhammad Yakub Khan, the Afghan emir.[3] For his services, Sir Frederick again received the thanks of Parliament, and was appointed both Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)[3] and Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) during 1880, becoming a baronet the next year.
After a very brief interval as Governor of Natal and Commander-in-Chief of British forces in South Africa, Roberts (having been promoted to Lieutenant-General during 1883) was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army,[3] a post he had for four years. During 1885 he succeeded this appointment as Commander-in-Chief throughout the whole of India,[3] and two years later was appointed Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE). This was followed subsequently by his promotion to General during 1890, and during 1892 he was created Baron Roberts,[3] of Kandahar in Afghanistan and of the City of Waterford.
After relinquishing his Indian command and becoming Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India during 1893, Lord Roberts two years later was relocated to Ireland as Commander-in-Chief of British forces there,[3] being based at the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham. He was promoted Field Marshal during 1895[3] and received the Order of St Patrick during 1897.
[edit] Second Anglo-Boer War
Two years later, he returned to South Africa on the RMS Dunottar Castle in command of British troops fighting in the Second Boer War, relieving Kimberley[3] and advancing to Pretoria.[3] After a year, he was succeeded in the command by Lord Kitchener, and returned to England to receive yet more honours: he was made a Knight of the Garter and also created Earl Roberts,[3] of Kandahar in Afghanistan and Pretoria in the Transvaal Colony and of the City of Waterford, and Viscount St Pierre.
He became the honorary Colonel of the Irish Guards during 1900, an appointment he kept for the remainder of his life, which gained the regiment the nickname 'Our Bobs'. He was also the next year, 1902, appointed one of the first members of the Order of Merit. He was later installed as a Knight of the Order of St John (KstJ) and received the Service Medal of the Order of St John with 3 Bars.
[edit] Later life
Lord Roberts served as the last Commander-in-Chief of the Forces for three years before the post was abolished during 1904,[3] and for the last ten years of his life received yet more honours, including numerous honorary degrees and the Colonelcy of the National Reserve. He was the initial president of the Pilgrims Society during 1902.[6] He was a keen advocate of introducing conscription in Britain (directing the National Service League) to prepare for a great European war.
Immediately after his return from the Boer War, he was instrumental in promoting the mass training of civilians in rifle shooting skills through membership of shooting clubs, and a facsimile of his signature appears to this day on all official targets of the National Smallbore Rifle Association.[7]
Lord Roberts became vice-president of the Public Schools Alpine Sports Club during 1903.[8] Part of the history of skiing, a forerunner of the downhill ski race, the Roberts of Kandahar Cup occurred during Crans-Montana (Crans-sur-Sierre) eight years later on January 11, 1911, organised by winter sports pioneer Arnold Lunn,[9] with the trophies donated by Lord Roberts.[10] The name Kandahar is still used for the premier races of the World Cup circuit.[11]
Field Marshal Lord Roberts died of pneumonia at St Omer, France, while visiting Indian troops fighting in the First World War. After lying in state in St. Paul's Cathedral (one of two non-Royals to do so during the 20th century, the other being Sir Winston Churchill), he was given a state funeral.
Both his sons predeceased him, including Frederick Hugh Sherston Roberts VC who was killed in action at the Battle of Colenso during the Boer War. Roberts and his son were one of only three pairs of fathers and sons to be awarded the VC. Today, their Victoria Crosses are in the National Army Museum. His barony became extinct, but by the special remainder granted with them he was succeeded in the earldom and viscountcy by his elder surviving daughter.
Roberts lived at 'Englemere' at Ascot in Berkshire. His estate was probated during 1915 at £77,304[3] (equivalent to £5.5 million today).[12]
[edit] Family
He married Nora Henrietta Bews on 17 May 1859: they eventually had six children.[3]
[edit] Legacy
Roberts Barracks at Larkhill Garrison and Robertsganj, Uttar Pradesh are named for him.
[edit] Titles and honours
- 1832-1851: Mr Frederick Roberts
- 1851-1858: Second Lieutenant Frederick Roberts
- 1858-1859 Lieutenant Frederick Roberts VC
- 1859-1866 Second Captain (Bvt. Major) Frederick Roberts VC
- 1866-1868 Second Captain (Bvt. Lieutenant-Colonel) Frederick Roberts VC
- 1868-1872 Captain (Bvt. Lieutenant-Colonel) Frederick Roberts VC
- 1872-1875 Major (Bvt. Lieutenant-Colonel) Frederick Roberts VC CB
- 1875-1878 Major (Bvt. Colonel) Frederick Roberts VC CB
- 1878-1879 Major-General Frederick Roberts VC CB
- 1879-1880 Major-General Sir Frederick Roberts VC KCB
- 1880-1881 Major-General (Local Lieutenant-General) Sir Frederick Roberts VC GCB CIE
- 1881-1883 Major-General The Rt Hon. Sir Frederick Roberts Bt VC GCB CIE
- 1883-1887 Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. Sir Frederick Roberts Bt VC GCB CIE
- 1887-1890 Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. Sir Frederick Roberts Bt VC GCB GCIE
- 1890-1892 General The Rt Hon. Sir Frederick Roberts Bt VC GCB GCIE
- 1892-1893 General The Rt Hon. The Lord Roberts VC GCB GCIE PC
- 1893-1895 General The Rt Hon. The Lord Roberts VC GCB GCSI GCIE PC
- 1895-1897 Field Marshal The Rt Hon. The Lord Roberts VC GCB GCSI GCIE PC
- 1897-1900 Field Marshal The Rt Hon. The Lord Roberts VC KP GCB GCSI GCIE PC
- 1900-1902 Field Marshal The Rt Hon. The Earl Roberts VC KG KP GCB GCSI GCIE PC
- 1902-1914 Field Marshal The Rt Hon. The Earl Roberts VC KG KP GCB OM GCSI GCIE PC
[edit] Legacy
Roberts is a Senior Boys house at the Duke of York's Royal Military School, where, like Welbeck College all houses are named for well-known military men.
Lord Roberts French Immersion Public School in London, Ontario, Lord Roberts Public School in Scarborough, Ontario, and Lord Roberts Elementary Schools in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Winnipeg, Manitoba are named for him. "Lord Roberts" is currently the name of one of the Province of Manitoba's 57 electoral districts.
The Lord Roberts Centre - a facility at the National Shooting Centre built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games, and HQ of the National Smallbore Rifle Association (which Roberts was fundamental in founding) is named in his honour.
On 29 May 1900 Pretoria surrendered to the British commander-in-chief, Lord Roberts.[14] Due to the frequency of malaria and because the area had become too small, he relocated his headquarters from the vicinity of the Normal College to a high-lying site 10 km south-west of the city - hence the name Roberts Heights.[14] Roberts Heights, a busy military town, the largest in South Africa and resembling Aldershot, soon developed.[14] On 15 December 1938 the name was changed to Voortrekkerhoogte[14] and again to Thaba Tshwane on 19 May 1998.
The grave of Roberts' charger Vonolel (named after a Lushai warrior whose descendants Roberts had fought in 1871) is marked by a headstone in the gardens of The Royal Hospital Kilmainham in Dublin.[15]
[edit] Notes
- ^ "Kipling and Lord Roberts". Kipling.org.uk. http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_lordroberts_moore.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ Gifford, Don; Robert J. Seidman (2008). Ulysses annotated: notes for James Joyce's Ulysses. University of California Press. p. 438. ISBN 9780520253971. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fE9mkomQHEQC&pg=PA438&lpg=PA438&dq=Frederick+Sleigh+Roberts,+1st+Earl+Roberts+anglo-irish#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Robson, Brian (2008). "Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, first Earl Roberts (1832–1914)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35768. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35768. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ "Bunbury of Kilfeacle Family History". Turtlebunbury.com. http://www.turtlebunbury.com/family/bunburyfamily_bunburys/bunbury_family_bunburys_kilfeacle.html. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 22212. p. 5516. 24 December 1858. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ The Pilgrims of Great Britain: A Centennial History (2002) - Anne Pimlott Baker, ISBN 1-86197-290-3
- ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company. "W. W. Greener Martini Target Rifles". Rifleman.org.uk. http://www.rifleman.org.uk/W.W.Greener_martini_target_rifles.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "History of "Kandahar"". Kandahar-taos.com. 1911-01-11. http://www.kandahar-taos.com/about.php. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ The Daily Telegraph, "Switzerland: Strap on the poultice" 20 Jan 2001
- ^ "''From Afghanistan to Vermont'' By Allen Adler". Vermontskimuseum.org. http://www.vermontskimuseum.org/history_archive.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "History of Alpine Skiing". Wamonline.com. 2009-05-01. http://www.wamonline.com/winter03-04/historyofalpineskiing.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
- ^ Harper's Magazine, European Edition, December 1897, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d "Voortrekkerhoogte, Tvl". Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. 11. Nasou Limited. 1971. pp. 282–3. ISBN 978-0-625-00324-2.
- ^ "The grave of Vonolel, the famous and bemedalled horse". 22 June 2010. http://comeheretome.wordpress.com/2010/06/22/the-grave-of-vonolel-the-famous-and-bemedalled-horse/. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
[edit] References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Roberts, Frederick Sleigh (1896). Forty-One Years in India. London: Richard Bentley and Son. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528.
- Orans, Lewis P.. "Lord Roberts of Kandahar. Biography.". The Pine Tree Web. http://www.pinetreeweb.com/roberts-bio.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- Roberts, Frederick Sleigh (1895). The Rise of Wellington. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co.. OCLC 2181145. http://www.archive.org/details/riseofwellington00robeuoft.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts |
- Works by Frederick Roberts at Project Gutenberg
- Lord Roberts' British Honours
- Account of Earl Roberts' funeral
- Frederick Roberts and the long road to Kandahar
- National Portrait Gallery: Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1832-1914), Field Marshal
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sir Donald Stewart |
Commander-in-Chief, India 1885–1893 |
Succeeded by Sir George White |
| Preceded by The Viscount Wolseley |
Commander-in-Chief, Ireland 1895–1900 |
Succeeded by HRH The Duke of Connaught |
| Preceded by Sir Redvers Buller |
Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa 1900 |
Succeeded by Lord Kitchener |
| Preceded by The Viscount Wolseley |
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces 1900–1904 |
Position abolished |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by Sir Collingwood Dickson |
Master Gunner, St. James's Park 1904–1914 |
Succeeded by Sir Robert Biddulph |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baron Roberts 1892–1914 |
Extinct |
| Earl Roberts 1901–1914 |
Succeeded by Aileen Mary Roberts |
|
- Anglo-Irish people
- Alumni of Addiscombe Military Seminary
- Bengal Artillery officers
- British Army generals
- British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
- British Commander-in-Chiefs of India
- British Field Marshals
- British military personnel of the Abyssinian War
- British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
- British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
- British military personnel of the Umbeyla Campaign
- British recipients of the Victoria Cross
- Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
- Commander-in-Chief, Ireland
- Deaths from pneumonia
- Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
- Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross
- Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
- Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
- Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
- Knights of St Patrick
- Knights of the Garter
- Members of the Order of Merit
- Old Etonians
- People from Ascot, Berkshire
- People from Kanpur
- Royal Artillery officers
- Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
- 1832 births
- 1914 deaths
- 19th-century Irish people
- Irish soldiers
- Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
- Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
