Full metal jacket bullet

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For the Stanley Kubrick film, see Full Metal Jacket.

An example of FMJ bullets in their usual shapes: pointed ("spitzer") for the 7.62x39mm rifle and round-nosed for the 7.62x25mm pistol cartridges.

A full metal jacket (or FMJ) is a bullet consisting of a soft core (usually made of lead) encased in a shell of harder metal, such as gilding metal, cupronickel or less commonly a steel alloy. This shell can extend around all of the bullet, or often just the front and sides with the rear left as exposed lead. The jacket allows for higher muzzle velocities than bare lead without depositing significant amounts of metal in the bore. It also prevents damage to bores from steel or armor-piercing core materials. The appearance of FMJ ammunition is highly distinctive when compared to hollow-point or soft point bullets.

[edit] History

The first full metal jacket rifle bullet to be adopted for a military rifle was designed by Major Rubin, director of the Swiss Laboratory at Thun in 1883.^[1] FMJ ammunition is acceptable for military use by the countries that signed the Hague Convention of 1899, which prohibits the use of hollow-point or expanding bullets in war between the countries which signed that agreement. It is often incorrectly stated that the prohibition is part of the Geneva Conventions. It is also a common misconception that full metal jacket bullets are specifically required by the Hague Convention; they are not.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Advantages

Because the bullets do not expand, they are more effective at piercing armor.
They are more durable and withstand rough handling on the battlefield.
Their rounded tips permit proper transit up the feed ramp, whereas the usage of hollow point bullets increases the chance of one failing to feed properly by the mechanism.

[edit] Disadvantages

Because FMJ bullets do not expand, they are less likely to kill immediately compared to hollow-point bullets. This can be a problem for soldiers at close range because the bullet will go straight through the enemy, wounding them, but not killing them or dropping them instantly. Hunters are, in some locations, not allowed to use FMJ rounds due to their perceived limited stopping power and propensity to ricochet.

[edit] FMJ with variable cores

Some designs of FMJ rifle ammunition inflict more destructive gunshot wounds than others. Not all FMJ bullets contain a simple lead filling. Here are some examples:

Although British Mark 7 .303 ammunition is compliant with the terms of the Hague Convention, it creates more destructive gunshot wounds than standard spitzer bullets due to its internal design. The centre of gravity of the Mark 7 bullet is deliberately shifted towards the rear. This is achieved by constructing the front third of the interior of the bullet from a lighter material such as aluminium or wood pulp. The result is a tail-heavy FMJ bullet which yaws violently after hitting the target.
American 5.56mm NATO FMJ ammunition has a much thinner jacket than others. As a result the bullet may yaw and fragment by fracturing along the cannelure, which is the groove running around the circumference of a bullet and is used to crimp it to the cartridge case.
Russian 5.45x39mm FMJ ammunition uses a tail-heavy bullet which has a tendency to yaw after hitting the target.
German 7.62x51mm NATO FMJ has an unusually thin cannelure. When the bullet hits the target it fractures along the cannelure and fragments, causing massive tissue damage as per the 5.56x45 mm NATO bullet but on an even larger scale.

[edit] Images of FMJ Ammunition

.32 ACP	7.62x25mm Tokarev	.32 ACP, 7.62x25mm Tokarev, 9mm Parabellum	7.65x22mm Parabellum
.38 S&W	.380 ACP	9x18mm Makarov	.38 Super
.40 S&W	.45 ACP	7.62x39mm	7.62x39mm
7.62x39mm	5.56x45mm NATO	.303 British	.303 British & .280 Ross
7.92x57mm Mauser	7.92x33mm Kurz	7.5x55mm Schmidt Rubin	Three recovered 7.62x51mm NATO FMJ bullets (next to an unfired cartridge), showing rifling marks