GADD45A
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GADD45A gene.[1][2][3]
This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The protein encoded by this gene responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase. The DNA damage-induced transcription of this gene is mediated by both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms.[3]
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[edit] Interactions
GADD45A has been shown to interact with, MAP3K4,[4] Cdk1,[5][6][7][8] Cyclin B1,[5][8] PCNA,[7][9][10][11][12] GADD45GIP1[13] and P21.[7][14] Gadd45a has been recently shown that interacts with Aurora A kinase.[15][15]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Papathanasiou MA, Kerr NC, Robbins JH, McBride OW, Alamo I Jr, Barrett SF, Hickson ID, Fornace AJ Jr (Mar 1991). "Induction by ionizing radiation of the gadd45 gene in cultured human cells: lack of mediation by protein kinase C". Mol Cell Biol 11 (2): 1009–16. PMC 359769. PMID 1990262. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=359769.
- ^ Hollander MC, Alamo I, Jackman J, Wang MG, McBride OW, Fornace AJ Jr (Dec 1993). "Analysis of the mammalian gadd45 gene and its response to DNA damage". J Biol Chem 268 (32): 24385–93. PMID 8226988.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: GADD45A growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1647.
- ^ Takekawa, M; Saito H (Nov. 1998). "A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK". Cell (UNITED STATES) 95 (4): 521–30. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81619-0. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9827804.
- ^ a b Zhan, Q; Antinore M J, Wang X W, Carrier F, Smith M L, Harris C C, Fornace A J (May. 1999). "Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 18 (18): 2892–900. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202667. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 10362260.
- ^ Jin, S; Antinore M J, Lung F D, Dong X, Zhao H, Fan F, Colchagie A B, Blanck P, Roller P P, Fornace A J, Zhan Q (Jun. 2000). "The GADD45 inhibition of Cdc2 kinase correlates with GADD45-mediated growth suppression". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (22): 16602–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000284200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10747892.
- ^ a b c Yang, Q; Manicone A, Coursen J D, Linke S P, Nagashima M, Forgues M, Wang X W (Nov. 2000). "Identification of a functional domain in a GADD45-mediated G2/M checkpoint". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (47): 36892–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005319200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10973963.
- ^ a b Vairapandi, Mariappan; Balliet Arthur G, Hoffman Barbara, Liebermann Dan A (Sep. 2002). "GADD45b and GADD45g are cdc2/cyclinB1 kinase inhibitors with a role in S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints induced by genotoxic stress". J. Cell. Physiol. (United States) 192 (3): 327–38. doi:10.1002/jcp.10140. ISSN 0021-9541. PMID 12124778.
- ^ Smith, M L; Chen I T, Zhan Q, Bae I, Chen C Y, Gilmer T M, Kastan M B, O'Connor P M, Fornace A J (Nov. 1994). "Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen". Science (UNITED STATES) 266 (5189): 1376–80. doi:10.1126/science.7973727. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 7973727.
- ^ Chen, I T; Smith M L, O'Connor P M, Fornace A J (Nov. 1995). "Direct interaction of Gadd45 with PCNA and evidence for competitive interaction of Gadd45 and p21Waf1/Cip1 with PCNA". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 11 (10): 1931–7. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 7478510.
- ^ Vairapandi, M; Azam N, Balliet A G, Hoffman B, Liebermann D A (Jun. 2000). "Characterization of MyD118, Gadd45, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacting domains. PCNA impedes MyD118 AND Gadd45-mediated negative growth control". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 275 (22): 16810–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.22.16810. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10828065.
- ^ Hall, P A; Kearsey J M, Coates P J, Norman D G, Warbrick E, Cox L S (Jun. 1995). "Characterisation of the interaction between PCNA and Gadd45". Oncogene (ENGLAND) 10 (12): 2427–33. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 7784094.
- ^ Chung, Hyo Kyun; Yi Yong-Weon, Jung Neon-Cheol, Kim Daegun, Suh Jae Mi, Kim Ho, Park Ki Cheol, Song Jung Hun, Kim Dong Wook, Hwang Eun Suk, Yoon Soo-Hyun, Bae Young-Seuk, Kim Jin Man, Bae Insoo, Shong Minho (Jul. 2003). "CR6-interacting factor 1 interacts with Gadd45 family proteins and modulates the cell cycle". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 278 (30): 28079–88. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212835200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12716909.
- ^ Zhao, H; Jin S, Antinore M J, Lung F D, Fan F, Blanck P, Roller P, Fornace A J, Zhan Q (Jul. 2000). "The central region of Gadd45 is required for its interaction with p21/WAF1". Exp. Cell Res. (UNITED STATES) 258 (1): 92–100. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4906. ISSN 0014-4827. PMID 10912791.
- ^ a b Sanchez, R; Pantoja-Uceda D, Prieto J, Diercks T, Marcaida MJ, Montoya G, Campos-Olivas R, Blanco FJ. (Jul. 2010). "Solution structure of human growth arrest and DNA damage 45alpha (Gadd45alpha) and its interactions with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Aurora A kinase". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 285 (29): 22196–22201. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.069344. PMID 20460379.
[edit] Further reading
- Hildesheim J, Fornace AJ (2003). "Gadd45a: an elusive yet attractive candidate gene in pancreatic cancer.". Clin. Cancer Res. 8 (8): 2475–9. PMID 12171872.
- Chen IT, Smith ML, O'Connor PM, Fornace AJ (1995). "Direct interaction of Gadd45 with PCNA and evidence for competitive interaction of Gadd45 and p21Waf1/Cip1 with PCNA.". Oncogene 11 (10): 1931–7. PMID 7478510.
- Kearsey JM, Coates PJ, Prescott AR, et al. (1995). "Gadd45 is a nuclear cell cycle regulated protein which interacts with p21Cip1.". Oncogene 11 (9): 1675–83. PMID 7478594.
- Hall PA, Kearsey JM, Coates PJ, et al. (1995). "Characterisation of the interaction between PCNA and Gadd45.". Oncogene 10 (12): 2427–33. PMID 7784094.
- Carrier F, Smith ML, Bae I, et al. (1995). "Characterization of human Gadd45, a p53-regulated protein.". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (51): 32672–7. PMID 7798274.
- Smith ML, Chen IT, Zhan Q, et al. (1994). "Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen.". Science 266 (5189): 1376–80. doi:10.1126/science.7973727. PMID 7973727.
- Warbrick E, Lane DP, Glover DM, Cox LS (1997). "Homologous regions of Fen1 and p21Cip1 compete for binding to the same site on PCNA: a potential mechanism to co-ordinate DNA replication and repair.". Oncogene 14 (19): 2313–21. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201072. PMID 9178907.
- Warbrick E, Heatherington W, Lane DP, Glover DM (1998). "PCNA binding proteins in Drosophila melanogaster : the analysis of a conserved PCNA binding domain.". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (17): 3925–32. doi:10.1093/nar/26.17.3925. PMC 147798. PMID 9705499. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=147798.
- Takekawa M, Saito H (1998). "A family of stress-inducible GADD45-like proteins mediate activation of the stress-responsive MTK1/MEKK4 MAPKKK.". Cell 95 (4): 521–30. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81619-0. PMID 9827804.
- Carrier F, Georgel PT, Pourquier P, et al. (1999). "Gadd45, a p53-responsive stress protein, modifies DNA accessibility on damaged chromatin.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (3): 1673–85. PMC 83961. PMID 10022855. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=83961.
- Zhan Q, Antinore MJ, Wang XW, et al. (1999). "Association with Cdc2 and inhibition of Cdc2/Cyclin B1 kinase activity by the p53-regulated protein Gadd45.". Oncogene 18 (18): 2892–900. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202667. PMID 10362260.
- Jin S, Antinore MJ, Lung FD, et al. (2000). "The GADD45 inhibition of Cdc2 kinase correlates with GADD45-mediated growth suppression.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (22): 16602–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000284200. PMID 10747892.
- Vairapandi M, Azam N, Balliet AG, et al. (2000). "Characterization of MyD118, Gadd45, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacting domains. PCNA impedes MyD118 AND Gadd45-mediated negative growth control.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (22): 16810–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.22.16810. PMID 10828065.
- Yi YW, Kim D, Jung N, et al. (2000). "Gadd45 family proteins are coactivators of nuclear hormone receptors.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272 (1): 193–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2760. PMID 10872826.
- Zhao H, Jin S, Antinore MJ, et al. (2000). "The central region of Gadd45 is required for its interaction with p21/WAF1.". Exp. Cell Res. 258 (1): 92–100. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4906. PMID 10912791.
- Yang Q, Manicone A, Coursen JD, et al. (2001). "Identification of a functional domain in a GADD45-mediated G2/M checkpoint.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (47): 36892–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005319200. PMID 10973963.
- Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination.". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=310948.
- Kovalsky O, Lung FD, Roller PP, Fornace AJ (2001). "Oligomerization of human Gadd45a protein.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (42): 39330–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105115200. PMID 11498536.
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