Gallbladder

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For other uses, see Gallbladder (disambiguation).
Gallbladder
Illu pancrease.svg
Diagram of Stomach
Surface projections of the organs of the trunk.png
Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, with gallbladder labeled at the transpyloric plane
Latin Vesica biliaris, vesica fellea
Gray's subject #250 1197
System Digestive system (GI Tract)
Artery Cystic artery
Vein Cystic vein
Nerve Celiac ganglia, vagus[1]
Precursor Foregut
1. Bile ducts: 2. Intrahepatic bile ducts, 3. Left and right hepatic ducts, 4. Common hepatic duct, 5. Cystic duct, 6. Common bile duct, 7. Ampulla of Vater, 8. Major duodenal papilla
9. Gallbladder, 10–11. Right and left lobes of liver. 12. Spleen.
13. Esophagus. 14. Stomach. Small intestine: 15. Duodenum, 16. Jejunum
17. Pancreas: 18: Accessory pancreatic duct, 19: Pancreatic duct.
20–21: Right and left kidneys (silhouette).
The anterior border of the liver is lifted upwards (brown arrow). Gallbladder with Longitudinal section, pancreas and duodenum with frontal one. Intrahepatic ducts and stomach in transparency.

In vertebrates the gallbladder (cholecyst, gall bladder, biliary vesicle) is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans, the loss of the gallbladder is, in most cases, easily tolerated. The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy.

Contents

Human anatomy [edit]

The gallbladder is a hollow system that sits just beneath the liver.[2] In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in length and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended.[3] It is divided into three sections: fundus, body, and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tree via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct. At the neck of the gallbladder is a mucosal fold called Hartmann's pouch,where gallstones commonly get stuck. The angle of the gallbladder is located between the costal margin and the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis muscle.

  • Gallbladder gross anatomy and local ducts connecting to the liver, pancreas and duodenum of the small intestine.

  • Gallbladder

Microscopic anatomy [edit]

The different layers of the gallbladder are as follows:[4]

  • The epithelium, a thin sheet of cells closest to the inside of the gallbladder
  • The lamina propria, a thin layer of loose connective tissue (the epithelium plus the lamina propria form the mucosa)
  • The muscularis, a layer of smooth muscular tissue that helps the gallbladder contract, squirting its bile into the bile duct
  • The perimuscular ("around the muscle") fibrous tissue, another layer of connective tissue
  • The serosa, the outer covering of the gallbladder that comes from the peritoneum, which is the lining of the abdominal cavity

Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a muscularis mucosae.

Function [edit]

When food containing fat enters the digestive tract, it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK). In response to CCK, the adult human gallbladder, which stores about 50 millilitres (1.7 U.S. fl oz; 1.8 imp fl oz) of bile, releases its contents into the duodenum. The bile, originally produced in the liver, emulsifies fats in partly digested food.

During storage in the gallbladder, bile becomes more concentrated which increases its potency and intensifies its effect on fats.

In 2009, it was proposed that the gallbladder can produce several pancreatic hormones, including insulin.[5]

In other animals [edit]

Most vertebrates have gallbladders, whereas invertebrates do not. However, its precise form and the arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than a single common bile duct, as in humans. Several species of mammals (including horses, deer, rats, and various laminis[6]) and several species of birds lack a gallbladder altogether, as do lampreys.[7]

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Ginsburg, Ph.D., J.N. (2005-08-22). "Control of Gastrointestinal Function". In Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D. Gastrointestinal Physiology. Essentials of Human Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United State: Medical College of Georgia. pp. p. 30. Retrieved 2007-06-29. 
  2. ^ Where is the Gallbladder Located in the Body
  3. ^ Jon W. Meilstrup (1994). Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-8493-4788-2. 
  4. ^ "Staging of Gallbladder Cancer". 
  5. ^ Sahu S, Joglekar MV, Dumbre R, Phadnis SM, Tosh D, Hardikar AA. (2009) Islet-like cell clusters occur naturally in human gallbladder and are retained in diabetic conditions. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 May;13(5):999-1000
  6. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Guanaco: Lama guanicoe, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
  7. ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 355. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. 

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gall bladder
Liver
Biliary tract
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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