Gallowglass

Irish gallowglass and kern. Drawing by Albrecht Dürer, 1521.

For the Barbara Vine novel, see Gallowglass (novel). For the television adaptation of the novel, see Gallowglass (miniseries).

The gallowglass or galloglass – from Irish: gallóglaigh (plural), gallóglach (singular) – were a class of elite mercenary warriors who principally were members of the Norse-Gaelic clans of the Hebrides and Highlands of Scotland between the mid 13th century and late 16th century. As Scots, they were Gaels and shared a common origin and heritage with the Irish, but as they had intermarried with the 10th century Norse settlers of western Scotland, the Irish called them Gall Gaeil ("foreign Gaels"). Large numbers of gallowglass septs settled in Ireland after being dispossessed of their lands in Scotland for choosing the wrong sides in the Wars of Scottish Independence. The first and probably most famous of these were the McSweeneys, (who unlike most were said to be of native Irish ancestry) settled originally by the O’Donnells in west Donegal. These were followed by McDonnells, McCabes and several other groups settled by powerful Irish nobles in different areas. The gallowglass' attraction was they were a heavily armoured trained aristocratic infantry who could be relied on for a strong defence to hold a position, whereas most Irish foot soldiers were lower class less well armoured troops than the Irish nobility who typically fought as cavalry. In time there came to be many native Irish gallowglass as the term came to mean a type of warrior rather than an ethnic designation.

They were a significant part of Irish infantry before the advent of gunpowder, and depended upon seasonal service with Irish chieftains. A military leader would often choose a gallowglass to serve as his personal aide and bodyguard because, as a foreigner, the gallowglass would be less subject to local feuds and influences.

Names

A Medieval Hebridean warrior.

The term "gallowglass" or "galloglass" is an anglicisation of the Irish, gallóglaigh (lit., "foreign young warrior"), incorporating the Celtic word Óglach, which is derived from oac, the Old Irish for "youth" combined with Old Irish lóeg, Proto-Celtic *lāygo, meaning “calf” but later becoming a word for a hero. Encarta specifies the plural of gallowglass to be "gallowglasses", but this article assumes that the singular and plural terms are both "gallowglass", as the English term is derived from an Irish plural. Shakespeare uses the form "gallowglasses" in the play Macbeth.

History

The first record of gallowglass service under the Irish was in 1259, when Aedh Ó Conchobair, King of Connacht, received a dowry of 160 Scottish warriors from the daughter of the King of the Hebrides. They were organised into groups known as a "Corrughadh", which consisted of about 100 men. In return for military service, gallowglass contingents were given land and settled in Irish lordships, where they were entitled to receive supplies from the local population.

In 1569 Turlough O'Neill married Lady Agnes MacDonald of Kintyre. Her dowry consisted of at least 1200 galloglass fighters. Along with support of two young men as support and friends on top to assist or fight this could easily have numbered over 5,000 current and future Gallowglass coming into the area.

By 1512, there were reported to be fifty-nine groups throughout the country under the control of the Irish nobility. Though initially they were mercenaries, over time they settled and their ranks became filled with native Irish men.

They were noted for wielding the massive two-handed sparth axe (a custom noted by Geraldus Cambrensis to have derived from their Norse heritage) and broadsword or claymore ("claidheamh mór"). For armour, the gallowglass wore mail shirts over padded jackets and iron helmets; he was usually accompanied by two boys (like a knight's squires), one of whom carried his throwing spears while the other carried his provisions. They would be a very similar warrior to the Danish huscarls who fought as mercenaries for the Anglo Saxons.

Shakespeare mentions gallowglass in his play Macbeth, although along with other aspects of the play it is an anachronism, as the historical Macbeth lived in the 11th century:

The merciless Macdonwald,

Worthy to be a rebel, for to that

The multiplying villainies of nature

Do swarm upon him, from the Western isles

Of kerns and gallowglasses is supplied

The importation of gallowglass into Ireland was a major factor in containing the Anglo-Norman invasion of the 12th century, as their ranks stiffened the resistance of the Irish lordships. Throughout the Middle Ages in Ireland, gallowglass troops were maintained by Gaelic Irish and Hiberno-Norman lords alike. Even the English Lord Deputy of Ireland usually kept a company of them in his service. (See Also: Norman Ireland)

In a paper entitled "A Description of the Power of Irishmen", written early in the 16th century, the Irish forces of Leinster are numbered at 522 horse, 5 battalions of gallowglass (gallóglaigh) and 1432 kerne, and those of the other provinces were in like proportion. Mac Cárthaigh Mór commanded 40 horse, 2 battalions of gallowglass, and 2000 kerne; the Earl of Desmond 400 horse, 3 battalions of gallowglass, and 3000 kerne, besides a battalion of crossbowmen and gunners, the smaller chieftains supplying each their quota of men.

In 1517, "when the reformacion of the countrye was taken in hand," it was reported that the Irish forces in Thomond were 750 horse, 2324 kerne, and 6 "batayles" of gallowglass, the latter including 60 to 80 footmen harnessed with spears; each of these had a man to bear his harness, some of whom themselves carried spears or bows.

Every kerne had a bow, a 'skieve' or quiver, three spears, a sword, and a skene (Irish scian or Scottish Gaelic sgian), each two of them having a lad to carry their weapons. The horsemen had two horses apiece, some three, the second bearing the 'knave' or his attendant.

The 16th century in Ireland saw an escalation in military conflict, caused by the Tudor conquest of Ireland. Gallowglass fighters were joined by native Irish mercenaries called buanadha (literally "quartered men") and by newer Scottish mercenaries known as "redshanks". The flow of mercenaries into Ireland was such a threat to English occupation that Queen Elizabeth I took steps against them in 1571 – around 700 of them were executed after the first of the Desmond Rebellions.

In spite of the increased use of firearms in Irish warfare, gallowglass remained an important part of Hugh Ó Neill's forces in the Nine Years War. After the combined Irish defeat at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601, recruitment of gallowglass waned, although Scottish Highland mercenaries continued to come to Ireland until the 1640s (notably Alasdair Mac Colla). The Gallowglass of the Mac Cárthaigh Riabhaigh are recorded as having attacked Mallow in County Cork as late as 1645.^{[citation needed]}

Images of Gallowglass fighting as mercenaries in European mainland armies were sketched by Dürer in 1521 and later by French and Dutch artists.^{[citation needed]} Gallowglass served in the forces of King Gustav Adolphus of Sweden in his invasion of Livonia during the Thirty Years War.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Though the Gallowglass were abolished as military units, their Clan names endure to this day - often concentrated in areas where their ancestors were settled in the service of Irish lordships. The 6 oldest and most famous Gallowglass clans in Ireland along with their places of origin in Argyll, Scotland were:

• Mac Cába (McCabe) from Arran
• Mac Domhnaill (MacDonald / McDonnell) from Kintyre and Islay
• Mac Dubhghaill (MacDougall / McDowell) from Lorne
• Mac Ruairí (MacRory) from Bute
• Mac Síthigh (MacSheehy / Sheehy) from Kintyre
• MacSuibhne (MacSweeney / Sweeney) from Knapdale
• Mac Aodha (McCoy) from Kintyre

The town of Milford, County Donegal, retains in its Irish name, Baile na nGallóglach, a memory of a fight between the English and the MacSuibhnes.

List of Gallowglass Family Names

• Gallagher
• Gielty
• Kennedy
• McCabe
• McCann
• McCoy/Coy
• MacDonald
• McDonnell
• McFadden/McFadyen
• McGinley
• McGinty
• McGreal/Grealis
• McHale
• McNamara
• McNeill
• McSorley
• Nevin
• Sheehy
• Sweeney/MacSuibhne

See also

• Celtic warfare
• Gaelic warfare
• Norman Ireland
• Warfare of Scotland in the High Middle Ages
• Kern (soldier)

Sources

• G.A. Hayes McCoy, Irish Battles, Appletree Press, Belfast 1990
• Colm Lennon, Sixteenth Century Ireland - the Incomplete Conquest, Gill & MacMillan, Dublin 1994.