Gary Ridgway

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Gary Ridgway
Gary Ridgway 1982 Mugshot.jpg
1982 mugshot of Gary Ridgway
Background information
Birth name Gary Leon Ridgway
Also known as Green River Gary
The Green River Killer
The Riverman
Born (1949-02-18) February 18, 1949 (age 64)
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
Conviction Murder
Solicitation
Sentence Life imprisonment without parole
Killings
Number of victims Convicted of 49, confessed to at least 71, presumed to be 90+
Country United States
State(s) Washington
Date apprehended November 30, 2001

Gary Leon Ridgway (born February 18, 1949), an American serial killer known as the Green River Killer, was initially convicted of 48 separate murders and later confessed to nearly twice that number. As part of his plea bargain, an additional conviction was added, bringing the total number of convictions to 49. He murdered numerous women and girls in Washington state during the 1980s and 1990s. Most of his victims were alleged to be prostitutes. The press gave him his nickname after the first five victims were found in the Green River; his identity was not known.[1] He strangled the women, usually with his arm but sometimes using ligatures. After strangling them, he would dump their bodies throughout forested and overgrown areas in King County, often returning to the dead bodies to have sexual intercourse with them.[2]

On November 30, 2001, as he was leaving the Renton, Washington Kenworth Truck factory where he worked, he was arrested for the murders of four women whose cases were linked to him through DNA evidence.[2] As part of a plea bargain wherein he agreed to disclose the whereabouts of still-missing women, he was spared the death penalty and received a sentence of life imprisonment without parole.

Contents

Early life [edit]

Ridgway was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Mary Rita Steinman and Thomas Newton Ridgway.[3] He has two brothers, Gregory Leon and Thomas Edward.

Ridgway's homelife was somewhat troubled; relatives have described his mother as domineering and have said that young Ridgway witnessed more than one violent argument between his parents.[4] As a boy, Ridgway had a habit of wetting the bed. His mother would often be the one to discover the accidents and would bathe him immediately. She would also belittle and embarrass him in front of his family. From a young age, Ridgway had conflicting feelings of sexual attraction and anger toward her.[5]

As a young child, Ridgway was tested with an I.Q. of 82, signifying low intelligence, and his academic performance in school was so poor that at one point in high school he had to repeat a year twice in order to pass. His classmates at Tyee High School describe him as congenial but largely forgettable. His teenage years, however, were troubled; when he was 16, he stabbed a six-year-old boy, who survived the attack. He had led the boy into the woods and then stabbed him through the ribs into his liver.[3] According to the victim and Ridgway himself, Ridgway walked away laughing and saying, "I always wondered what it would be like to kill someone."

Adult life [edit]

At age 21, after graduating from high school, Ridgway married his high school girlfriend Claudia Barrows. He joined the Navy[3] and was sent to Vietnam, where he served on board a supply ship[6] and saw combat.[4] During his time in the military, Ridgway began spending a lot of time with prostitutes and contracted gonorrhea. This angered him, but he continued to have unprotected sex with prostitutes. Meanwhile, his wife Claudia, alone and 19 years old, had an extramarital affair, and the marriage quickly ended within a year.[3]

When questioned about Ridgway after his arrest, friends and family described him as friendly but strange. His first two marriages resulted in divorce because of infidelities by both partners. His second wife, Marcia Winslow, claimed that he had placed her in a chokehold.[4] Ridgway had become religious during his second marriage, proselytizing door-to-door, reading the Bible aloud at work and at home, and insisting that Marcia follow the strict teachings of their church pastor.[3] Ridgway would also frequently cry after sermons or reading the Bible.[7] Ridgway continued to solicit the services of prostitutes during this marriage; he also wanted Marcia to participate in sex in public and inappropriate places, sometimes even in areas where his victims' bodies were later discovered.[3]

According to women in his life, Ridgway had an insatiable sexual appetite. His three ex-wives and several old girlfriends reported that Ridgway demanded sex from them several times a day.[7] Often, he would want to have sex in a public area or in the woods.[3] Ridgway himself admitted to having a fixation with prostitutes,[8] with whom he had a love–hate relationship. He frequently complained about their presence in his neighborhood, but he also took advantage of their services regularly. It has been speculated that Ridgway was torn between his uncontrollable lusts and his staunch religious beliefs.[7]

In 1975, his second wife gave birth to Ridgway's son, Matthew.[9]

Murders [edit]

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Ridgway is believed to have murdered at least 71 women (according to Ridgway, in an interview with Sheriff Reichert 2001) near Seattle and Tacoma, Washington. His court statements later reported that he had killed so many, he lost count. A majority of the murders occurred between 1982 and 1984. The victims were believed to be either prostitutes or runaways picked up along Pacific Highway South (International Blvd. 99), whom he strangled. Most of their bodies were dumped in wooded areas around the Green River, except for two confirmed and another two suspected victims found in the Portland, Oregon area. The bodies were often left in clusters, sometimes posed, usually nude. He would sometimes return to the victims' bodies and have intercourse with them. Because most of the bodies were not discovered until only the skeletons remained, three victims are still unidentified. Ridgway occasionally contaminated the dump sites with gum, cigarettes, and written materials belonging to others, and he even transported a few victims' remains across state lines into Oregon to confuse the police.

Ridgway began each murder by picking up a woman, usually a prostitute. He sometimes showed the woman a picture of his son, to help her trust him. After having sex with her, Ridgway strangled her from behind. He initially strangled them manually. However, many victims inflicted wounds and bruises on his arm while trying to defend themselves. Concerned these wounds and bruises would draw attention, Ridgway began using ligatures to strangle his victims. Most victims were killed in his home, his truck, or a secluded area.[2]

In the early 1980s, the King County Sheriff's Office formed the Green River Task Force to investigate the murders. The most notable members of the task force were Robert Keppel and Dave Reichert, who periodically interviewed incarcerated serial killer Ted Bundy from 1984. Their interviews with Ted Bundy helped them catch the Green River killer. Ted Bundy informed the police force that Gary Ridgway was revisiting the dump sites to have sexual relations with his victims. Ted Bundy told police if they found a fresh grave to stake it out and wait for the Green River killer to come back. Also contributing was John E. Douglas, who has since written much on the subject of the Green River Killer.

Ridgway was arrested in 1982 and 2001 on charges related to prostitution. He became a suspect in 1983 in the Green River killings. In 1984, Ridgway took and passed a polygraph test, and on April 7, 1987, police took hair and saliva samples from Ridgway.

Around 1985, Ridgway began dating Judith Mawson, who became his third wife in 1988. Mawson claimed in a 2010 television interview that when she moved into his house while they were dating, there was no carpet. Detectives later told her he had probably wrapped a body in the carpet.[10] In the same interview, she described how he would leave for work early in the morning some days, ostensibly for the overtime pay. Mawson speculated that he must have committed some of the murders while supposedly working these early morning shifts. She claimed that she had not suspected Ridgway's crimes before she was contacted by authorities in 1987, and in fact had not even heard of the Green River Killer before that time because she didn't watch the news.[10]

Author Pennie Morehead interviewed Ridgway in prison and she said while he was in the relationship with Mawson his kill rate went down, and that he truly loved her.[10] Mawson told a local television reporter, "I feel I have saved lives ... by being his wife and making him happy."[11]

The samples collected in 1987 were later subjected to a DNA analysis, providing the evidence for his arrest warrant. On November 30, 2001, Ridgway was at the Kenworth Truck factory, where he worked as a spray painter, when police arrived to arrest him. Ridgway was arrested on suspicion of murdering four women nearly 20 years after first being identified as a potential suspect, when DNA evidence conclusively linked semen left in the victims to the saliva swab taken by the police. The four victims named in the original indictment were Marcia Chapman, Opal Mills, Cynthia Hinds, and Carol Ann Christensen. Three more victims—Wendy Coffield, Debra Bonner, and Debra Estes—were added to the indictment after a forensic scientist identified microscopic spray paint spheres as a specific brand and composition of paint used at the Kenworth factory during the specific time frame when these victims were killed.[10]

Plea bargain, confessions, sentencing [edit]

Early in August 2003, Seattle television news reported that Ridgway had been moved from a maximum security cell at King County Jail to an undisclosed location. Other news reports stated that his lawyers, led by Anthony Savage, were closing a plea bargain that would spare him the death penalty in return for his confession to a number of the Green River murders.

On November 5, 2003, Ridgway entered a guilty plea to 48 charges of aggravated first degree murder as part of a plea bargain, agreed to in June, that would spare him execution in exchange for his cooperation in locating the remains of his victims and providing other details. In his statement accompanying his guilty plea, Ridgway explained that all of his victims had been killed inside King County, Washington, and that he had transported and dumped the remains of the two women near Portland to confuse the police.

Deputy prosecutor Jeffrey Baird noted in court that the deal contained "the names of 41 victims who would not be the subject of State v. Ridgway if it were not for the plea agreement." King County Prosecuting Attorney Norm Maleng explained his decision to make the deal:

“ We could have gone forward with seven counts, but that is all we could have ever hoped to solve. At the end of that trial, whatever the outcome, there would have been lingering doubts about the rest of these crimes. This agreement was the avenue to the truth. And in the end, the search for the truth is still why we have a criminal justice system ... Gary Ridgway does not deserve our mercy. He does not deserve to live. The mercy provided by today's resolution is directed not at Ridgway, but toward the families who have suffered so much ...[12] ”

On December 18, 2003, King County Superior Court Judge Richard Jones sentenced Ridgway to 48 life sentences with no possibility of parole and one life sentence, to be served consecutively. He was also sentenced to an additional 10 years for tampering with evidence for each of the 48 victims, adding 480 years to his 48 life sentences.

Ridgway led prosecutors to three bodies in 2003. On August 16 of that year, the remains of a 16-year-old female found near Enumclaw, Washington, 40 feet from State Route 410, were pronounced as belonging to Pammy Annette Avent, who had been believed to be a victim of the Green River Killer. The remains of Marie Malvar and April Buttram were found in September. On November 23, 2005, The Associated Press reported that a weekend hiker found the skull of one of the 48 women Ridgway admitted murdering in his 2003 plea bargain with King County prosecutors. The skull of Tracy Winston, who was 19 when she disappeared from Northgate Mall on September 12, 1983, was found by a man hiking in a wooded area near Highway 18 near Issaquah, southeast of Seattle.

Ridgway confessed to more confirmed murders than any other American serial killer. Over a period of five months of police and prosecutor interviews, he confessed to 48 murders—42 of which were on the police's list of probable Green River Killer victims.[13] On February 9, 2004, county prosecutors began to release the videotape records of Ridgway's confessions. In one taped interview, he told investigators initially that he was responsible for the deaths of 65 women, but in another taped interview with Reichert on December 31, 2003, Ridgway claimed to have murdered 71 victims and confessed to having had sex with them before killing them, a detail which he did not reveal until after his sentencing.[14] In his confession, he acknowledged that he targeted prostitutes because they were "easy to pick up" and that he "hated most of them."[15] He also confessed that he had sex with his victims' bodies after he murdered them, but claimed he began burying the later victims so that he could resist the urge to commit necrophilia.[16]

Ridgway talked to and tried to make his victims comfortable before he committed the murders. In his own words, "I would talk to her... and get her mind off of the, sex, anything she was nervous about. And think, you know, she thinks, 'Oh, this guy cares'... which I didn't. I just want to, uh, get her in the vehicle and eventually kill her."[14]

Later in a statement Ridgway said that murdering young women was his "career".[17]

Ridgway is incarcerated at Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla, Washington.[18]

Victims [edit]

Before Ridgway's confession, authorities had attributed 49 murders to the Green River Killer.[19] As mentioned above, Ridgway confessed to murdering at least 71 victims.

Confirmed [edit]

At the time of his December 18, 2003 sentencing, authorities had been able to find at least 48 sets of remains, including victims not originally attributed to the Green River Killer. Ridgway was sentenced for the deaths of each of these 48 victims, with a plea agreement that he would "plead guilty to any and all future cases (in King County) where his confession could be corroborated by reliable evidence."[20]

# Name Age Disappeared Found
1 Wendy Lee Coffield 16 July 8, 1982 July 15, 1982
2 Gisele Ann Lovvorn 17 July 17, 1982 September 25, 1982
3 Debra Lynn Bonner 23 July 25, 1982 August 12, 1982
4 Marcia Fay Chapman 31 August 1, 1982 August 15, 1982
5 Cynthia Jean Hinds 17 August 11, 1982 August 15, 1982
6 Opal Charmaine Mills 16 August 12, 1982 August 15, 1982
7 Terry Rene Milligan 16 August 29, 1982 April 1, 1984
8 Mary Bridget Meehan 18 September 15, 1982 November 13, 1983
9 Debra Lorraine Estes 15 September 20, 1982 May 30, 1988
10 Linda Jane Rule 16 September 26, 1982 January 31, 1983
11 Denise Darcel Bush 23 October 8, 1982 June 12, 1985
12 Shawnda Leea Summers 16 October 9, 1982 August 11, 1983
13 Shirley Marie Sherrill 18 October 20–22, 1982 June 1985
14 Rebecca "Becky" Marrero 20 December 3, 1982 December 21, 2010
15 Colleen Renee Brockman 15 December 24, 1982 May 26, 1984
16 Alma Ann Smith 18 March 3, 1983 April 2, 1984
17 Delores LaVerne Williams 17 March 8–14, 1983 March 31, 1984
18 Gail Lynn Mathews 23 April 10, 1983 September 18, 1983
19 Andrea M. Childers 19 April 14, 1983 October 11, 1989
20 Sandra Kay Gabbert 17 April 17, 1983 April 1, 1984
21 Kimi-Kai Pitsor 16 April 17, 1983 December 15, 1983
22 Marie M. Malvar 18 April 30, 1983 September 26, 2003
23 Carol Ann Christensen 21 May 3, 1983 May 8, 1983
24 Martina Theresa Authorlee 18 May 22, 1983 November 14, 1984
25 Cheryl Lee Wims 18 May 23, 1983 March 22, 1984
26 Yvonne "Shelly" Antosh 19 May 31, 1983 October 15, 1983
27 Carrie Ann Rois 15 May 31 – June 13, 1983 March 10, 1985
28 Constance Elizabeth Naon 19 June 8, 1983 October 27, 1983
29 Kelly Marie Ware 22 July 18, 1983 October 29, 1983
30 Tina Marie Thompson 21 July 25, 1983 April 20, 1984
31 April Dawn Buttram 16 August 18, 1983 August 30, 2003
32 Debbie May Abernathy 26 September 5, 1983 March 31, 1984
33 Tracy Ann Winston 19 September 12, 1983 March 27, 1986
34 Maureen Sue Feeney 19 September 28, 1983 May 2, 1986
35 Mary Sue Bello 25 October 11, 1983 October 12, 1984
36 Pammy Annette Avent 15 October 26, 1983 August 16, 2003
37 Delise Louise Plager 22 October 30, 1983 February 14, 1984
38 Kimberly L. Nelson 21 November 1, 1983 June 14, 1986
39 Lisa Yates 19 December 23, 1983 March 13, 1984
40 Mary Exzetta West 16 February 6, 1984 September 8, 1985
41 Cindy Anne Smith 17 March 21, 1984 June 27, 1987
42 Patricia Michelle Barczak 19 October 17, 1986 February 1993
43 Roberta Joseph Hayes 21 February 7, 1987 September 11, 1991
44 Marta Reeves 36 March 5, 1990 September 20, 1990
45 Patricia Yellowrobe 38 January 1998 August 6, 1998
46 Unidentified White Female 12–17 Died prior to May 1983 March 21, 1984
47 Sandra Denise Major 20 December 24, 1982 December 30, 1985
48 Unidentified White Female 14–18 December 1980 – January 1984 January 2, 1986
49 Unidentified Female 13–24 1973–1993 August 2003
  • Before Ridgway's confession, authorities had not attributed to the Green River Killer the deaths of victims Rule, Barczak, Hayes, Reeves, Yellowrobe and 'victim 49'.[19]
  • Ridgway's confession and directions lead police search crews to find the bodies of Avent, Buttram, and Malvar in August and September 2003.
  • On Tuesday, December 21, 2010, hikers near the West Valley Highway in Auburn, WA found a skull in the vicinity of where Marie Malvar's remains were found in 2003. The skull was identified as belonging to Rebecca "Becky" Marrero, who was last seen leaving the Western Six Motel at South 168th Street and Pacific Highway South on December 3, 1982. The King County Prosecutor confirmed that Ridgway would be formally charged with her murder on February 11, 2011.[20] On February 18, 2011, he entered a guilty plea in the murder of Rebecca Marrero, adding a 49th life sentence to his existing 48. Ridgway confessed to murdering Marrero in his original plea bargain, but due to insufficient evidence, the charges could not be filed. Therefore, there is no change in his current incarceration status.[21]
  • The remains of Tracy Winston were found, without a skull, in Kent's Cottonwood Grove Park in March 1986. Winston's skull was found in November 2005 near Tiger Mountain, miles away from the discovery site of the rest of her body. Police assume someone carried it to the location.[22]
  • Sandra Denise Major was not identified until June 2012. A family member asked the King County Sheriff to investigate after seeing a TV movie about Ridgway. DNA confirmed Major's identity.[23]

Task force victims list [edit]

Ridgway is suspected of—but not charged with—murdering the remaining six victims of the original list attributed to the Green River Killer.[19] In each case, either Ridgway did not confess to the victim's death, or authorities have not been able to corroborate their suspicion with reliable evidence.

Name Age Disappeared Found
Amina Agisheff 35 July 7, 1982 April 18, 1984
Kasee Ann Lee (Woods) 16 August 28, 1982 not yet found
Tammie Liles 16 June 9, 1983 April 1985
Keli Kay McGinness 18 June 28, 1983 not yet found
Angela Marie Girdner 16 July 1983 April 22, 1985
Patricia Osborn 19? October 20, 1983? not yet found
  • Ridgway denied killing Amina Agisheff. Agisheff does not fit the profile of any of the victims of the Green River Killer considering her age, and she was not a prostitute or a teenaged runaway.[24]
  • Although he has never been charged with her murder, Gary Ridgway did confess to killing Kasee Ann Lee. During police interrogations in 2003, Ridgway stated that he strangled Lee in 1982 and left her body near a drive-in theatre off the Sea-Tac Strip.[25] As of July 2012, law enforcement officials have been unable to locate Lee's remains at the dump site that Ridgway indicated.[26]
  • Ridgway is a suspect in the death of Tammie Liles. Her body was discovered within a mile of the bodies of known victims Shirley Shirell and Denise Bush. Liles remained unidentified until 1998.[27]
  • Evidence exists to suggest that Ridgway murdered Keli Kay McGinness. Shortly before her disappearance, McGinness was questioned by a Port of Seattle police officer while "dating" Ridgway near the SeaTac[disambiguation needed] Strip. Furthermore, during the summer of 2003, Ridgway led authorities to the bodies of several of his victims. One of those bodies (which later turned out to be April Buttram) was initially identified by Ridgway as being that of Keli Kay McGinness. According to Ridgway, he often confused McGinness with Buttram because of their similar physiques.[28]
  • Ridgway is a suspect in the death of Angela Marie Girdner. Her body was discovered within a mile of the bodies of known victims Shirley Shirell and Denise Bush. Girdner remained unidentified until October 2009.[27]

Suspected [edit]

Ridgway has been considered a suspect in the disappearances/murders of five other women not attributed at the time to the Green River Killer. No charges have been filed.

Name Age Disappeared Found
Kristi Lynn Vorak 13 October 31, 1982 not yet found
Patricia Ann Leblanc 15 August 12, 1983 not yet found
Rose Marie Kurran[29] 16 August 26, 1987 August 31, 1987
Darci Warde 16 April 24, 1990 not yet found
Cora McGuirk 22 July 12, 1991 not yet found

Popular culture [edit]

Many non-fiction books and novels have been written about the Green River murders and Gary Ridgway himself. Examples include:

  • Serial Killers: Issues Explored Through Green River Murders by Tomas Guillen
  • Green River Killer, a graphic novel by Jeff Jensen and Jonathan Case
  • The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer by Robert D. Keppel
  • Green River Serial Killer: Biography of an Unsuspecting Wife by Pennie Morehead, telling the story of his third wife and her struggles with the truth
  • Defending Gary: Unraveling the Mind of the Green River Killer by Mark Prothero with help from Carlton Smith
  • Chasing the Devil by Sheriff David Reichert
  • Green River, Running Red by true-crime author and former police officer Ann Rule
  • Search for the Green River Killer by Carlton Smith with help from Tom Guillen
  • Case of the Green River Killer by Diane Yancey
  • The Green River Killer by the King County Journal Staff

Other notable mentions of Ridgway in popular media include:

References [edit]

  1. ^ Haglund, WD; Reichert, DG; Reay, DT (1990). "Recovery of decomposed and skeletal human remains in the "Green River Murder" Investigation. Implications for medical examiner/coroner and police". The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology : official publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners 11 (1): 35–43. PMID 2305751.  edit
  2. ^ a b c Prothero, Mark; Carlton Smith (2006). Defending Gary: Unraveling the Mind of the Green River Killer. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-9548-5. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Montaldo, Charles (2011-02-14). "Gary Ridgway: The Green River Killer". About.com. Retrieved 2011-07-01. 
  4. ^ a b c McCarthy, Terry; Thornburgh, Nathan (3 June 2002). "River Of Death". Time. Retrieved 20 July 2012. 
  5. ^ Guillen, Tomas. Serial Killers: Issues Explored Through the Green River Murders. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007, p. 130.
  6. ^ Prothero, Mark (2006). Defending Gary, p. 117. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. ISBN 0-7879-8106-0
  7. ^ a b c Bell, Rachael. "Green River Killer: River of Death". Turner Entertainment Networks. Retrieved 2011-07-01. 
  8. ^ Keppel, Robert; Birnes, William J.; Rule, Ann (2004). The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-6395-1. 
  9. ^ Ko, Michael (23 December 2003). "Local News | Ridgway gave no hint he was a killer, son said". The Seattle Times (Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com). Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  10. ^ a b c d "Married to a Monster". Who the (BLEEP) Did I Marry?. Season 1. Episode 9. 2010-10-13. Investigation Discovery. http://investigation.discovery.com/tv-schedules/series.html?paid=141.15118.129750.39540.3.
  11. ^ "Wife of Nation's Worst Serial Killer Shares Her Story". KIRO 7 Eyewitness News. 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2010-10-14. 
  12. ^ Maleng, Norm (2003-11-05). "Statement of Norm Maleng on Ridgway Plea". Retrieved 2008-06-23. 
  13. ^ "Anitra Mulwee". karisable.com. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 
  14. ^ a b Cold Case Files Episode 56: "Obsession: Dave Reichert and the Green River Killer", A&E, original airdate: 15 December 2005.
  15. ^ Hickey, Eric (2010). Serial Murderers and Their Victims. p. 25. 
  16. ^ "Ridgway Reveals Gruesome Details In Chilling Confession". KIRO 7 Eyewitness News. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  17. ^ "Green River Killer". Karisable.com. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  18. ^ "Find An Offender - Ridgway, Gary L.". Washington State Department of Corrections. 
  19. ^ a b c Green River victims' list may grow by six
  20. ^ a b Javier, Liza. "Remains found in Auburn, Wash. possible Green River victim", KGW.com, 23 December 2010.
  21. ^ Sullivan, Jennifer (February 7, 2011). "Attorney: Ridgway will likely plead guilty to new murder charge". Seattle Times. Retrieved 7 February 2011. 
  22. ^ Castro, Hector. "Skull of Woman Killed by Ridgway Found but It Turned Up Miles from the Rest of Her Remains", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 23 November 2005, p. B1. LexisNexis. accessed 10 August 2010.
  23. ^ "Victim of Green River killer identified 30 years later after relative sees TV movie". Fox News. June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012. 
  24. ^ "Like minds: Bundy figured Ridgway out". The News Tribune. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  25. ^ Parrish, Linda W. Y. (11 April 1990). "Cleaning Up Sea-Tac Strip -- Officials Target Prostitution, Dance Clubs". Seattle Times. Retrieved 17 June 2010. 
  26. ^ Guillen, T. (2007). Serial Killers: Issues Explored Through the Green River Murders. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. p. 145. 
  27. ^ a b "Police identify remains, look for link to 'Green River Killer'". CNN. December 16, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2010. 
  28. ^ Prothero, M.; Smith, C. (2006). Defending Gary: Unraveling the Mind of the Green River Killer. Hoboken, New Jersey: Jossey-Bass. p. 376. 
  29. ^ Guillen, Tomas; Smith, Carlton (6 November 2003). "Could killer strike again? Probably yes — despite 46 murders, little has changed". The Seattle Times. 
  30. ^ "PLU’s Conti plays an old-school style". The News Tribune. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-20. 
  31. ^ Matos, Michaelangelo (14 October 2002). "Neko Case: Thrice All American". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved 2011-08-14. 
  32. ^ Hansen, Phil. "48 Women". 
  • Keppel, Robert. The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer. 2004, paperback. 624 pages, ISBN 0-7434-6395-1. Updated after the arrest and confession of Gary Ridgway.
  • Rule, Ann. Green River, Running Red. Pocket, 2005, paperback. 704 pages, ISBN 0-7434-6050-2.
  • Guillen, Tomas. Serial Killers: Issues Explored Through the Green River Murders. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007, paperback. 186 pages.

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