LGBT rights by country or territory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This article is about current LGBT rights around the world. For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see LGBT social movements.
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Homosexuality legal Same-sex marriage1 Other type of partnership (or unregistered cohabitation)2 Foreign same-sex marriages recognized No recognition of same-sex couples3
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Homosexuality illegal Minimal penalty Large penalty Life in prison Death penalty
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1 Vermont (USA) effective 1 September 2009, Maine (USA) effective 14 September 2009, New Hampshire (USA) effective 1 January 2010
2 Wisconsin (USA) effective 3 August 2009, Nevada (USA) effective 1 October 2009
3 See Homosexuality in India for more information about India's legal status
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) related laws vary greatly by country or territory – everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex sexual activity.
LGBT-related laws include but are not limited to: sodomy laws, anti-lesbianism laws, higher ages of consent for same-sex activity, government recognition of same-sex relationships, LGBT adoption, sexual orientation and military service, immigration equality, anti-discrimination laws, and hate crime laws regarding violence against LGBT people.
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[edit] History of LGBT-related laws
| Part of a series on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights |
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| Laws around the world Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Same-sex adoption Military service Immigration issues Violence against LGBT people Legal aspects of transsexualism LGBT rights organizations Opposing views |
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| The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. |
There is no linear history of homosexuality. Throughout history and across cultures, the regulation of sexuality inevitably reflects broader cultural norms. Norms change in response to economic, social or political changes, including interactions with other societies.
Most of the history of sexuality is unrecorded. Even recorded norms do not always shed full light on actual practices. Earlier societies that permitted certain forms of homosexuality were not necessarily "tolerant" by today's standards. In Ancient Athens, for example, homosexuality among men provided no alternative to marriage within a heterosexually structured household. Moreover, no individual or sexual freedom was available to women. Nor was sexuality inevitably consensual. Male heads of households could enjoy sexual relations with male or female slaves, including pre-adolescents, without the latter's consent. Accordingly, although European colonialism did promote repression, as noted below, it would be incorrect to assume among pre-colonial peoples anything like free, unconstrained choice in matters of individual sexuality.
The first recorded Abrahamic laws against sexual intercourse between men are dated by scholars to circa 550 BC, during the Babylonian captivity of the Jewish people; they are recorded in Leviticus (though conservative scholars date Leviticus to be much older), and prescribe the death penalty. It is unclear how rigorously that prohibition was enforced, nor should it be assumed that patterns of enforcement remained constant. Although same-sex relations were incorporated into many so-called "pagan" cultures, that does not mean that they were generally seen as free alternatives to established forms of marriage and family.
Some people therefore believe that the ultimate origin of punitive laws targeting homosexual relations lies with Abrahamic religions. But also see similar patterns across Indo-European cultures in Lex Scantinia in Ancient Rome and nith in protohistoric Germanic culture, or the Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC[1].
This pattern continued throughout history with punitive laws arising from traditional interpretations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. With the advent of colonialism this attitude spread along with political control by the imperial powers of the nations with Abrahamic state religion; however, the fact that homosexuals were legally persecuted in communist China. China neither adopted an Abrahamic religion nor was colonized, except for Hong Kong and Macau which were colonized with Victorian era social mores and maintain separate legal system from China. Homosexuality in the China was not decriminalized until 1997[2] calls the universal application of this theory into at least some question. Often an Abrahamic religion is the primary factor when accounting for a law against homosexuality and the major supporter.
[edit] LGBT-related laws by country or territory
Africa
[edit] Northern Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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[edit] Western Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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Female unclear |
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| Not specifically prohibited, but public morals laws have been used against LGBT persons | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
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| Not specifically prohibited, but public morals laws may be used | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
(Penalties in Sharia areas: |
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Female needs verification |
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[edit] Middle Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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[edit] Eastern Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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(Penalty: 3 months to 2 years of jail and fine of 50,000 to 100,000 Burundian francs[7]) |
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since 1999 |
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[edit] Southern Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
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The Americas
North America
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | No protection | |||||||
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Anti-discriminatory laws provided by Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Egan v. Canada; in all provincial/territorial civil rights codes since Vriend v. Alberta. Common-law marriage since M. v. H., 1999; SSM since Civil Marriage Act, 2005. | Explicit protections only in NWT.[13] | ||||||
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Single gay persons may adopt | |||||||
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20 states [14] | 13 states ban discrimination by gender identity[15] |
Central America
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown (Has happened in some cases) | Doesn't apply. There are no military forces in Costa Rica, nonetheless they may serve in the police | |||||||
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| Unknown |
Caribbean islands
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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since 1999 |
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since 1999 |
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South America
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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No national protections, but cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario have had laws since 1996. | Unknown | ||||||
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Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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Unknown | |||||||
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Unknown | |||||||
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Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | National anti-discrimination and protections for sexual orientation | Unknown | ||||||
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Unknown | |||||||
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Disputed territories
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown |
Asia
[edit] Central Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
[edit] Middle East
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
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Foreign same-sex marriages recognised | Unknown | ||||||
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[edit] South Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | |||||||
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| Unknown | SRS officially supported by government as a means to treat GID | |||||||
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| Unknown | Unknown |
[edit] East Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | |||||||
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Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Heavily obeyed gender roles for both male and female. See Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle | |||||||
| Unknown | ||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown |
[edit] Southeast Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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| Unknown | ||||||||
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Europe
[edit] Northern Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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| Demilitarised | Unknown | |||||||
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| Unknown | ||||||||
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| Unknown | ||||||||
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Has no army | |||||||
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| Unknown | ||||||||
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[edit] Western Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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since 1999 |
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| UK responsible for defence | Unknown | |||||||
| UK responsible for defence | Unknown | |||||||
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Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | France responsible for defence | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
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[edit] Central Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
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Has no army | Unknown | ||||||
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Unknown | |||||||
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[edit] Eastern Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Unknown | |||||||
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Unknown | |||||||
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(was legal in the RSFSR/Soviet Union from 1917-1930) |
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[edit] Southern Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Unknown | Has no army | ||||||
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Unknown | |||||||
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[edit] Disputed territories
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown |
Oceania
[edit] Australasia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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[edit] Melanesia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Civil union | No | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
[edit] Micronesia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | ||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | ||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
[edit] Polynesia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression | Immigration equality for same-sex couples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | ||||||||
| Unknown | ||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
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[edit] See also
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[edit] References
- ^ The Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BC) states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch", see Sodomy_law#History
- ^ "Quiet pink revolution in dark before dawn?"
- ^ Ottosson, Daniel (May 2009). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults". International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). Page 45. http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-05-19.
- ^ Ottosson, Daniel (May 2008). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults". International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). Page 11. http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-12.
- ^ Gambia: Mob Violence And Murder Feared After President's Gay Beheading Threat, AllAfrica, June 12, 2008
- ^ Page 6 of [1]
- ^ http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/burundi-abolishes-the-death-penalty-but-bans-homosexuality-200904727
- ^ Ethiopia travel advice, British Foreign and Commonwealth Office
- ^ Not tickling Mugabe’s fancy, Tribune, October 24, 1997
- ^ Lesotho travel advice, British Foreign and Commonwealth Office
- ^ Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights (92-1E)
- ^ Same Sex Couple Adoption: The Situation in Canada and Australia (Research Note 29 1999-2000)
- ^ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
- ^ http://www.hrc.org
- ^ http://www.hrc.org
- ^ [2](Portuguese)
- ^ [3](Portuguese)
- ^ [4](Portuguese)
- ^ [5](Portuguese)
- ^ [6](Portuguese)
- ^ Gay News From 365Gay.com
- ^ Uruguay to Allow Civil Unions - Towleroad, a site with homosexual tendencies
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3505079,00.html "Attorney General rules same sex couples eligible to adopt"
- ^ Gay couple wins right to adopt foster son
- ^ {{cite
Female legalweb|url=http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults|last=Ottosson|first=Daniel|date=May 2008|publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA)|pages=Page 22|accessdate=2009-01-12}} - ^ http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/APS/judgement/02-07-2009/APS02072009CW74552001.pdf
- ^ http://www.stratpost.com/being-gay-still-a-crime-in-the-military
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo.cms?msid=4728348
- ^ Ottosson, Daniel (May 2008). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults". International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). Page 27. http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-12.
- ^ a b http://www.akbayan.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:anti-discrimination-bill-hb-956&catid=15:bills&Itemid=100
- ^ a b c d http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/resourcecenter/502.html
- ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002M/pdf/12002M_EN.pdf
- ^ http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-11649.html
- ^ "Registered partnership on 1. January 2010". 2009-02-18. http://www.gaynet.at/news/artikel/5199_Lambda. Retrieved on 2009-02-18.
- ^ http://www.dz-rs.si/index.php?id=101&sm=c&q=mati%C4%8Dna+knjiga&mandate=-1&o=30&unid=UPB|CC22EE26543CE98BC1257150002632BE&showdoc=1
- ^ "Sodomy Laws American Samoa". Sodomylaws.org. N.A.. http://www.sodomylaws.org/usa/samoa/samoa.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-21.
[edit] External links
- Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at the Open Directory Project
- Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world — interactive map
- GayLawNet: Laws — information by country
- International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
- Regional Information — press releases, etc. on updates of various countries
- Resource links — for researching legal information
- International Lesbian and Gay Association
- Map on LGBTI rights around the world — 2008 version
- State-sponsored Homophobia — 2008 edition of worldwide survey of homosexuality laws
- State-sponsored Homophobia — 2009 edition of worldwide survey of homosexuality laws
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