George Herriman
| George Herriman | |
|---|---|
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| Born | George Joseph Herriman August 22, 1880 New Orleans, LA |
| Died | April 25, 1944 (aged 63) Los Angeles, CA |
| Nationality | American |
| Area(s) | Artist, writer |
| Notable works | Krazy Kat |
George Joseph Herriman (August 22, 1880 – April 25, 1944) was an American cartoonist, best known for his classic comic strip Krazy Kat.
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[edit] Early life
George Herriman was born in a light-skinned, Creole African-American family in New Orleans, Louisiana. Both of his parents were listed as "mulatto" in the 1880 census.[1] In his adolescence, Herriman's father moved the family to Los Angeles, California, as did many educated New Orleans Creoles of color at the time in order to avoid the increasing restrictions of Jim Crow laws in Louisiana. In later life, many of Herriman's newspaper colleagues were under the impression that Herriman's ancestry was Greek, and Herriman did nothing to disabuse them of this notion. According to close friends of Herriman, he wore a hat at all times in order to hide his "kinky" hair. He was listed on his death certificate as "Caucasian".
[edit] Career
At the age of 17, Herriman began working as an illustrator and engraver for the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, and over the next few years did many newspaper spot illustrations, observational and political cartoons, and produced several early comic strips, at times producing several daily strips at the same time. Herriman's early strips included Major Ozone, Musical Mose, Acrobatic Archie, Professor Otto and his Auto, Two Jolly Jackies and several others, most of which were only slightly above the average quality of newspaper strips of the time.
Perhaps the first indication of Herriman's unusual creativity and poetical sense of humor which would make him famous surfaced in 1909 with his strip Gooseberry Sprig. The following year Herriman began a domestic comedy strip called The Dingbat Family. The precursors to the characters of Krazy and Ignatz first appeared in a small, unrelated side comic that began on July 26, 1910, that ran below The Dingbat Family.[1] The small comic appeared intermittently before becoming a regular feature of the strip: the main action happening with the human family taking up most of each panel, and an unrelated storyline involving a cat and mouse underneath the family's floorboards taking place in the bottom segment of each panel. This strip was then renamed The Family Upstairs. The cat and mouse strip was then spun off into another strip in 1913, originally Krazy Kat and Ignatz, and then simply Krazy Kat.
Herriman also continued drawing the domestic comedy strip, again named The Dingbat Family, until 1916. From 1916 through 1919 Herriman also drew the daily strip Baron Bean. Herriman would continue to draw other strips in addition to Krazy Kat through 1932.
Krazy Kat, however, was the strip which became Herriman's most famous. It reached its greatest level of popularity in the early 1920s, when it inspired merchandise, critical acclaim and even an interpretive ballet. Over the years it gradually lost readers, and many complained that "it made no sense." However, it had an enthusiastic (if relatively small) following among art-lovers, artists and intellectuals of the era, such as the critic Gilbert Seldes and the poet E. E. Cummings. Most important, it was championed by Herriman's publisher, William Randolph Hearst.
Herriman was also the illustrator for the first printed edition of Don Marquis' archy and mehitabel stories.[2]
The 1930s were a period of tragedy for Herriman. On September 29, 1931,[3] his wife Mabel died[4] as the result of an automobile accident.[5] In 1939, his daughter Bobbie died unexpectedly at age 30. He never remarried, choosing to live in Los Angeles with his cats and dogs.
[edit] Death
He died in his sleep on April 25, 1944.[6][7] His cause of death was listed on his death certificate as "non-alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver". According to his request, his ashes were scattered by airplane over Monument Valley, Arizona.
On June 25, 1944, two months after Herriman's death, the last of his completed Krazy Kat strips, a full-page Sunday, was printed. An incompletely inked pencilling of six daily strips was found on his drawing board at the time of his death. At the time, Hearst usually brought in new cartoonists when the artists of a popular strip quit or died, but an exception was made for Herriman, as no one else could take his place.[8]
Friends and biographers described him as a solitary man who gave generously to charity, loved his family and enjoyed a good game of poker.
[edit] Identity in Herriman's work
Herriman's work has been analyzed by numerous critics and theorists. Some see reflections of Herriman's complex experience of America's identity in his work. His surreal and shifting settings are a background to changing ethnicity and gender of the central characters. Eyal Amiran points out in an essay in Mosaic that, in some later strips, Krazy and the other characters switch between black and white.[9] The strip's love triangle has also been described as a "thwarted fantasy of miscegenation"[9] in which "the white (mouse) Ignatz loves to hate Krazy, but only as long as he/she is black. Black Krazy loves Ignatz only as long as he's white." Meanwhile, the white police dog, Offisa Bull Pupp, is secretly in love with Krazy, the black cat. Heer highlights one strip in which Krazy leaves a beauty salon covered in white makeup. Ignatz sees Krazy and is in love. In another strip, Ignatz is blackened after hiding in a pipe and Krazy's love for the mouse does not resume until his black face is washed clean.[9] However, this interpretation is somewhat invalidated by Herriman's insistence that Krazy wasn't female – he saw Krazy as a "pixie", beyond gender or sexuality.[10]
In another strip published in 1931, an art critic visits and describes Krazy and Ignatz as "a study in black & white". Krazy responds saying "he means us: Me bleck, You white" and suggests that the two "fool him. You be bleck and I'll be white" and in the next panel, Krazy is white while Ignatz is black. The critic responds by declaring the transformation "another study in black & white".
An earlier cartoon of Herriman's, Musical Mose (1902) features a black man who tries to impersonate a white man declaring, in dialect, "I wish mah color would fade", might be an example of Herriman mocking himself.[9]
[edit] Strip bibliography
| Year | Strip |
|---|---|
| 1902 | Musical Mose |
| Professor Otto and his Auto | |
| Acrobatic Archie | |
| 1903 | Two Jollie Jackies |
| Lariat Pete | |
| 1904 | Major Ozone's Fresh Air Crusade |
| Home Sweet Home | |
| Bubblespikers | |
| Bud Smith | |
| 1906 | Mr. Proones the Plunger |
| Rosy Posy, Mama's Girl | |
| Zoo Zoo | |
| Grandma's Girl | |
| 1909 | Baron Mooch |
| Mary's Home from College | |
| Gooseberry Sprig | |
| Alexander the Cat | |
| Daniel and Pansy | |
| 1910 | The Dingbat Family/The Family Upstairs |
| 1913 | Krazy Kat |
| 1916 | Baron Bean |
| 1919 | Now Listen Mabel |
| 1922 | Stumble Inn |
| 1926 | Us Husbands |
| Mistakes Will Happen | |
| 1928 | Embarrassing Moments |
| 1930 | archy and mehitabel |
[edit] Reprints
Several reprints have been done of Krazy Kat. The most comprehensive one has been Fantagraphics, which is reprinting all the Sundays and will soon do all the dailies.
Fantagraphics plans to do all of Herriman's other strips over the next few years.
- Herriman's Humans: The Complete Stumble Inn and Us Husbands ISBN 1606991515 (May 2009, Hardcover)
[edit] References
- ^ a b Boxer, Sarah (July 7, 2007). "Herriman: Cartoonist who equalled Cervantes". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666365/Herriman-Cartoonist-who-equalled-Cervantes.html. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "In 1971, however, the Krazy world changed. While researching an article on Herriman for the Dictionary of American Biography, the sociologist Arthur Asa Berger got a copy of Herriman’s birth certificate. Although Herriman died Caucasian, in Los Angeles in 1944, the very same George Herriman, the son of two mulatto parents, was born "colored" in New Orleans in 1880. If Herriman knew he was black, he certainly did not flaunt it. That’s no surprise. In 1880 Herriman would have been considered a "free person of color". But by the turn of the century, when he was a fledgling cartoonist, the newspaper bullpens "were open to immigrants but not to blacks"."
- ^ Don Markstein's Toonopedia. "archy and mehitabel". http://www.toonopedia.com/mehitabl.htm.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, September 30, 1931
- ^ This event has frequently and erroneously been published as having occurred in November 1934
- ^ Chicago Daily Tribune, September 30, 1931
- ^ "George Herriman, Noted Cartoonist. Creator of 'Krazy Kat' Comic Strip Dies in Hollywood at 66. Once a House Painter.". New York Times. April 27, 1944. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B17F83959147B93C5AB178FD85F408485F9. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ "Among the Unlimitless Etha". Time (magazine). May 8, 1944. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933397,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-10. "George Herriman, 63, creator of the sovereign comic strip, Krazy Kat, died after a long illness."
- ^ "The Lyons Den". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 3, 1944. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DgENAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uGkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5958,3766610&dq=george+herriman+died. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "The Krazy cartoon strip, created by George Herriman, who died last week, will be discontinued. His syndicate believes that no other cartoonist can continue..."
- ^ a b c d Heer, Jeet (2005-12-11). "A cat-and-mouse game of identity (Abstract)". thestar.com. Toronto Star. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/939856981.html?dids=939856981:939856981&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+11%2C+2005&author=Jeet+Heer&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=D.04&desc=A+cat-and-mouse+game+of+identity. Retrieved 2007-06-20. ""A cat-and-mouse game of identity: Excerpt: George Herriman played with race in his work and real life""
- ^ Walker, Brian, The Comics Before 1945
[edit] Further reading
- Patrick McDonell, Karen O'Connell, and Georgia Riley De Havenon, Krazy Kat: The Comic Art of George Herriman (New York:Abradale Press, 1986).
- Krazy & Ignatz in "A Wild Warmth of Chromatic Gravy": The Komplete Kat Komics 1935 - 1936 by George Herriman (Fantagraphics Books:2005 ISBN 1-56097-690-X )
- George Herriman dossier Krazy.com
- George Herriman dossier ReadYourselfRAW
[edit] External links
- George Herriman biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
- George Herriman biography on Don Markstein's Toonopedia
- Major Ozone, Krazy Kat, Gooseberry Sprigg, The Family Upstairs articles on Don Markstein's Toonopedia
- Krazy Kat - The Coconino County Home Page
- George Herriman biography on Pioneering Cartoonists of Color
- Krazy Kat and Ignatz Mouse at the circus (26 MB), Krazy Kat goes a-wooing (20 MB), Krazy Kat, bugologist (30 MB) MPEG animation files
