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George Washington (Ceracchi)

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George Washington
Bust at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
ArtistGiuseppe Ceracchi
Year1795 (1795)
TypeSculpture
MediumMarble
SubjectGeorge Washington
Dimensions73.3 cm × 55.9 cm × 33 cm (28.9 in × 22.0 in × 13 in)

George Washington is a marble bust portrait of George Washington, done in the style of a Roman emperor, by the Italian sculptor Giuseppe Ceracchi.[1] It was created as part of a campaign by Ceracchi to build a larger monument to Washington. The bust was thought by many to be one of the most lifelike.[1] It was later used as a model of Washington for works by other sculptors and engravers.

History

In the spring of 1791, Ceracchi came to Philadelphia, then the seat of the United States government, in an attempt to get a commission from Congress for a "Monument designed to perpetuate the Memory of American Liberty" featuring an equestrian statue of Washington. While waiting for congressional action, he made bust portrait models of several of the founding fathers, such as John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton. Initially, Washington did not want to pose for the sculptor, but eventually did so in late 1791, early 1792.[2][3] Ceracchi left for Europe in 1792, and then returned to Philadelphia in 1794.[4] He then had Washington sit for him again in 1795 to finish the marble bust he sculpted while in Italy, copied from the earlier plaster portrait bust he sculpted from life late 1791, early 1792.[2]

Description

Ceracchi portrayed Washington in the style of a Roman emperor, with short wavy hair, wearing a toga, which is pinned by a rosette brooch.[5][6]

Inscription

The original work is inscribed on the back in Latin, "CERACCHI FACIEBAT PHILADELPHIAE, 1795" ("Ceracchi made this in Philadelphia, 1795").[5]

Legacy

Washington refused to accept the gift of this bust from Ceracchi in 1795, though it was displayed in the president's residence until the sculptor presented him with a bill of $1,500 for it that spring, at which point the bust was sent back to Ceracchi.[2] However, the bust was then bought by the Spanish minister, Josef de Jaudenes y Nebot, and shipped to Spain. It was next bought by Richard W. Meade, an art collector, who brought it back to Philadelphia. After his death, it was acquired by Gouverneur Kemble of Cold Spring, New York. Subsequently it was in the collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. In 1904, it was purchased by John Lambert Cadwalader. After his death in 1914, it was bequeathed to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it is now displayed in the American Wing.[7]

In 1809, Thomas Appleton, an American consul in Italy, acquired the original plaster portrait bust. Later, this was used by the Italian sculptor Massimiliano Ravenna to create several marble copies.[8] About 1816, one of these was bought by the White House for $80 and is now located there.[9]

In December 1815, North Carolina commissioned a statue of Washington by Antonio Canova. Thomas Jefferson recommended that he use this bust by Ceracchi as a model for the head. The statue was delivered in 1821 and displayed in the rotunda of the North Carolina State House, but both were destroyed by fire in 1831.[10][11]

The bust was also used as a model for engravings of Washington.[12] One such engraving was included in the Life of George Washington by Washington Irving.[13]

  • By Massimiliano Ravenna, after Ceracchi, c. 1815[14]
    By Massimiliano Ravenna, after Ceracchi, c. 1815[14]
  • By Ravenna, after Ceracchi, c. 1819[15]
    By Ravenna, after Ceracchi, c. 1819[15]
  • Plaster replica of George Washington by Antonio Canova, 1821
    Plaster replica of George Washington by Antonio Canova, 1821
  • By Henry Bryan Hall, c. 1856
    By Henry Bryan Hall, c. 1856

References

  1. ^ a b "George Washington". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  2. ^ a b c Ceracchi, Giuseppe (October 31, 1791). "To George Washington from Giuseppe Ceracchi, 31 October 1791". Founders Online, National Archives.
  3. ^ Ceracchi, Giuseppe (October 31, 1791). "Enclosure: Giuseppe Ceracchi to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, October 31, 1791". Founders Online, National Archives.
  4. ^ Bryant, Julius (2011). "Ceracchi, Giuseppe". In Marter, Joan M. (ed.). The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art. Oxford University Press. pp. 426–27. ISBN 978-0-19-533579-8.
  5. ^ a b Hart, Charles Henry (1897). "Life Portraits of George Washington". McClure's Magazine. p. 303.
  6. ^ Mount, Harry (2007). "Emperor Washington". Carpe Diem: Put a Little Latin in Your Life. Tantor Media, Inc. p. 114. ISBN 9781401322342.
  7. ^ Gardner, Alvert Ten Eyck (March 1948). "Fragment of a Lost Monument" (PDF). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: 190–194.
  8. ^ "George Washington". National Portrait Gallery.
  9. ^ "Probably By Massimiliano Ravenna (Italian, Active Early 19th Century)". Christie's. January 15, 2004.
  10. ^ "George Washington Sculpture, North Carolina State Capitol, Raleigh". University of North Carolina.
  11. ^ Draper, Howard (2006). "Statues of Washington". State Library of North Carolina.
  12. ^ "Selections from the C. W. McAlpin Collection". Washington’s Physical Appearance in Portraits: New York Public Library.
  13. ^ Irving, Washington (1863). "Appendix: Portraits of Washington". Life of George Washington. Vol. 5. G. P. Putnam. pp. 325–353.
  14. ^ "George Washington, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Smithsonian American Art Museum. IAS 08930040.
  15. ^ "George Washington, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Smithsonian American Art Museum. IAS 08650170.
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