German casualties in World War II

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German soldier killed in action

German casualties in World War II

The sources for German military casualties are the wartime statistics compiled by German High Command, the postwar records of the Red Cross search service of men reported dead and missing and a statistical study by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans published in 2000. German civilians killed by allied aerial bombardment and during the 1945 military campaign were detailed by the West German government statistical office in a 1956 report and a study in 1990. The West German government also released figures on the number of Germans killed by Nazis due to political, racial and religious persecution. Civilian deaths due to the Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union are sometimes included with World War Two casualties. The figures for expulsion losses are currently disputed, with estimates of the total deaths in expulsions ranging from 500,000 to more than 2,000,000.



Contents

[edit] Military casualties

[edit] Wartime Statistics Compiled by German High Command

The casualties figures compiled by the German High Command (OKW) are often cited by military historians. The following schedules summarize the figures published in post war West Germany.


OKW Casualty Figures Sept 1, 1939 to Jan. 31, 1945

Description Dead Missing & POW Total Wounded & Sick
Eastern Front( Army) 1,105,987 1,018,365 2,124,352 3,498,059
North-Norway/Finland (Army) 16,639 5,157 21,796 60,451
Southwest-N Africa/Italy (Army) 50,481 194,250 244,731 163,602
Southeast-Balkans (Army) 19,235 14,805 34,040 55,069
West-France/Belgium (Army) 107,042 409,715 516,757 399,856
Training Forces (Army) 10,467 1,337 11,804 42,174
Died of Wounds-All Fronts (Army) 295,659 - 295,659 -
Location not Given 17,051 2,687 19,738 -
Subtotal (Army) 1,622,561 1,646,316 3,268,877 4,188,037
Navy 48,904 100,256 149,160 25,259
Air Force 138,596 156,132 294,728 216,579
Total Combat-All Branches 1,810,061 1,902,704 3,712,765 4,429,875
Other Deaths(Disease, accidents, ect.) 191,338 - 191,338 -
Grand Total 2,001,399 1,902,704 3,904,103 4,429,875

The following data was published by Percy Ernst Schramm in a multi-volume edition of the official diaries of the High Command.

Source of Figures: Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940 - 1945: 8 Bde. (ISBN 9783881990738 ) Pages 1508 to 1511

Notes:

1-These statistics include losses of the Waffen SS.

2-These statistics include casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union. 83,307 dead; 57,258 missing and 118,127wounded.

3-Included in these statistics are 322,807 POW held by the US and UK.

4-The figures for Army wounded add down to 4,219,211. Schramm put the total at 4,188,057.

5-Figures of missing include POW held by Allies.



Monthly Field Army (Feldheer) casualtites September 1939 to November 1944 according to OKW data.

Year Casualties January February March April May June July August September October November December
1939 Killed - - - - - - - - 16,400 1,800 1,000 900
1939 Missing - - - - - - - - 400 - - -
1940 Killed 800 700 1,100 2,600 21,600 26,600 2,200 1,800 1,600 1,300 1,200 1,200
1940 Missing - 100 - 400 900 100 - - 100 100 100 -
1941 Killed 1,400 1,300 1,600 3,600 2,800 22,000 51,100 52,800 45,300 42,400 28,200 39,000
1941 Missing 100 100 100 600 500 900 3,200 3,500 2,100 1,900 4,300 10,500
1942 Killed 44,400 44,500 44,900 25,600 29,600 31,500 36,000 54,100 44,300 25,500 24,900 38,000
1942 Missing 10,100 4,100 3,600 1,500 3,600 2,100 3,700 7,300 3,400 2,600 12,100 40,500
1943 Killed 37,000 42,000 38,100 15,300 16,200 13,400 57,800 58,600 48,800 47,000 40,200 35,300
1943 Missing 127,600 15,500 5,200 3,500 74,500 1,300 18,300 26,400 21,900 16,800 17,900 14,700
1944 Killed 44,500 41,200 44,600 34,000 24,400 26,000 59,000 64,000 42,400 46,000 31,900 -
1944 Missing 22,000 19,500 27,600 13,000 22,000 32,000 310,000 407,600 67,200 79,200 69,500 -

Notes: Figures include Waffen SS, Austrians and conscripted ethnic Germans. Figures for missing include POW held by Allies.

Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78


Field Army (Feldheer) casualtites September 1939 to November 1944
according to OKW data.

Year Killed Missing Total
1939 20,100 400 20,500
1940 62,700 1,800 64,500
1941 291,500 27,800 319,300
1942 443,300 94,600 537,900
1943 449,700 343,600 793,300
1944 458,000 1,069,600 1,527,600
Total 1,725,300 1,537,800 3,263,100

This is a summary of the monthly OKW figures in the above schedule

Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78


Total German Casualties reported by OKW from 9/1/1939 to 12/31/1944

Description Dead Missing and POW Total Wounded
Army & Waffen SS 1,750,000 1,610,000 3,360,000 5,026,000
Navy 60,000 100,000 160,000 21,000
Air Force 155,000 148,000 303,000 193,000
Total Wehrmacht 1,965,000 1,858,000 3,823,000 5,240,000

Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78

[edit] German Casualties Reported by Russian Sources

The Russian military historian G. I. Krivosheev has published figures for the casualties compiled by the German High Command up until April 30,1945 based on captured German records in the Soviet Archives.

Period Killed or Died of Wounds MIA and POW Total Wounded
Sept 1, 1939- Dec 31,1944 1,965,300 1,858,500 3,823,800 5,240,000
Jan 1, 1945 - April 30,1945 265,000 1,012,000 1,277,000 795,000
Total 2,230,300 2,870,500 5,100,800 6,035,000

Krivosheev gave a separate set of statistics that put losses at 2,230,000 Killed; 2,400,000 missing and 5,240,000 wounded. Source of figures-G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4 Page 276

Soviet sources claimed that “In 1945 the German Army lost more than 1,000,000 men killed on the Soviet-German front alone.” [1] Russian figures from 1993 for German losses on the Eastern Front Total 6,923,700: Killed 4,137,100, taken prisoner 2,571,600 and 215,000 dead among Russian volunteers in the Wehrmacht. Deaths of POW were 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit.[2]

[edit] Demographic Estimates of Military Losses

A. Estimate by West German government of November 1949 for Germany in 1937 borders was 3,250,000, (1,650,000 killied and 1,600,000 missing). Figures do not include Austria and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe[3]

B. Estimate by the West German government of October 1956 for Germany in 1937 borders was 3,760,000 killed and missing. Figures do not include Austria and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe[4]

C.Estimate by West German government of August 1958 for conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe,not including Austria, 432,000 (411,000 with German forces and 22,000 with Hungarian and Romanian forces). [5]

D.Based on a demographic estimate the West German government in 1960 put the total military losses of the Wehrmacht at 4,440,000; 3,760,000 for Germany in 1937 borders; 430,000 conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe and 250,000 from Austria. [6]

E. In 1951 Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year-Book of the. League of Nations gave the following assessment of German military losses based on a demographic analysis. Total dead and missing 3,975,000: Germany in 1937 borders 3,500,000; Austria 230,000; 200,000 Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia; 40,000 France 3,700 the Netherlands; 700 Norway and 398 Denmark [7]

[edit] Records of German Red Cross Search Service

The German Red Cross Reported in 2005 that their records list 3.1 million dead and 1.2 million missing German military personnel from World War Two. Their figures include Austria and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe.[8]


[edit] Study by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans

Dr. Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office until 2004, has provided an reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records. The results of the Overmans research project were published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany). The study found that the statistics collected by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. In the mid 1990's when Overmans began the project German military dead in the war were estimated at about 4.3 million men. Since the collapse of communism previously classified documentation regarding German military casualties became available to German researchers. The research by Overmans concluded in 2000 that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000. [9]

By Front (Per R. Overmans)[10]
Front Total Dead
Eastern Front until 12/31/44 2,742,909
Western Europe until 12/31/44 339,957
Final Battles in Germany 1945 1,230,045
Other (including Sea and Air War Germany) 245,561
Italy 150,660
The Balkans 103,693
Northern Europe 30,165
Africa 16,066
Prisoners of War 459,475
Total 5,318,531

Overmans believes that there is not sufficient data to breakout the 1,230,045 deaths in the 1945 Final Battles in Germany between the Western Allied invasion of Germany and Eastern Front in 1945,[10] although he estimates that 2/3 of these casualties can be attributed to the Eastern Front.[11]


Monthly German military casualtites at point of death according Overmans study.

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Total
1939 - - - - - - - - 15,000 3,000 1,000 - 19,000
1940 2,000 - 5,000 3,000 21,000 29,000 7,000 4,000 4,000 5,033 1,000 2,000 83,000
1941 10,000 1,000 4,000 4,000 13,000 29,000 67,132 51,066 53,033 44,099 38,000 42,198 357,000
1942 53,165 52,099 46,132 24,066 44,099 34,033 46,099 74,231 46,033 30,000 38,231 83,792 572,000
1943 185,376 74,363 59,099 21,066 31,099 21,066 79,231 66,198 69,495 61,330 77,396 66,330 812,000
1944 81,330 91,495 112,759 92,363 78,495 182,178 215,013 348,960 151,957 184,089 103,561 159,386 1,802,000
1945 451,742 294,772 284,442 281,848 94,528 20,066 13,000 27,099 22,132 19,000 21,033 10,066 1,540,000
1946 7,000 13,099 14,000 6,000 10,066 3,000 3,000 6,000 5,033 3,000 2,000 4,000 76,000
1947 3,008 2,000 5,033 3,000 1,000 5,033 2,000 5,033 1,000 2,000 3,000 1,000 33,000
After 1947 - - - - - - - - - - - - 25,000
Total All Years - - - - - - - - - - - - 5,518,000

Notes: Figures include Waffen SS, Austrians, conscripted ethnic Germans ,Volkssturm and other paramilitary forces. Figures do not include POW held by Allies. POW held are listed in a separate schedule below. Monthly figures do not add because of rounding.

Source:Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000, Page 239


German POW Held in Captivity (Per R. Overmans)[12]
Average during Quarter Held Western Allies Held by Soviets & their Allies Total Living POW
4th Quarter 1941 6,600 26,000 32,600
4th Quarter 1942 22,300 100,000 122,300
4th Quarter 1943 200,000 155,000 355,000
4th Quarter 1944 720,000 563,000 1,283,000
1st Quarter 1945 920,000 1,103,000 2,023,000
2nd Quarter 1945 5,440,000 2,130,000 7,570,000
3rd Quarter 1945 6,672,000 2,163,000 8,835,000

Source:Rűdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein Taschenbuch vlg., 2002


German military dead Eastern Front (Per R. Overmans)[10]
Total During Year Total Dead
1941 302,000
1942 507,000
1943 701,000
1944 1,233,000
Total 1941-1944 2,742,000

Soviet sources reported that “In 1945 the German Army lost more than 1,000,000 men killed on the Soviet-German front alone.”[1]

Figures do not include POW deaths of 363,000 in Soviet captivity, these losses were listed separately by Overmans.

By Service Branch (Per R. Overmans)[10]
Branch Total Dead
Army 4,202,030
Air Force (Including Infantry Units) 432,706
Navy 138,429
Waffen SS 313,749
Volkssturm 77,726
Paramilitary and support forces 153,891
Total 5,318,531
By Nation of Origin (Per R. Overmans)[10]
Nation Total Dead
Pre-war Germany (1937 borders) and the Free City of Danzig 4,456,000
Austria 261,000
Ethnic Germans conscripted in Eastern Europe 534,000
French 30,000
Volunteers from Western Europe 37,000
Total 5,318,000

Overmans did not include Russian volunteers in the Wehrmacht in his figures. Russian military historian G. I. Krivosheev estimated these losses at 215,000 killed.[2] The statistics of the German High Command put casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union up until 1/31/1945 at: 83,307 dead; 57,258 missing and 118,127wounded[13]

By Official Status (Per R. Overmans)[10]
Total Dead
Killed in Action 2,303,320
Died of wounds, disease or accidents 505,165
Sentenced to Death 11,000
Missing and presumed dead 2,007,571[14]
Suicides 25,000
Unknown 6,469
Confirmed POW Deaths 459,475
Total 5,318,000
"Confirmed POW Deaths" (Per R. Overmans)[10]
Total Dead
In Soviet captivity 363,000
In French captivity 34,000
In American captivity 22,000
In British captivity 21,000
In Yugoslav captivity 11,000
Other nations captivity 8,000
Total 459,000

Overmans believes that in addition to the 363,000 reported POW dead in the USSR, it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that 700,000 German military personnel reported missing actually died in Soviet custody[15]

[edit] Comparison of figures at 12/31/1944 of Overmans and German High Command

Overmans maintains that his research project taking a statistical sample of the records of the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) found that the German military casualty reporting system broke down during the war and that losses were understated. The following schedule compares the total dead and living POW according to Overmans at 12/31/1944 with the figures of the German High Command.

Description - Total
Total Dead per Overmans @12/31/44 3,643,000 [16]
Less:Volkssturm & Paramilitary (65,000)[17]
Add:POW held by Allies 1,283,000 [18]
Add:Losses of Soviet Volunteers 140,000[19]
Adjusted Losses per Overmans @12/31/1944 4,851,000
Total Dead & Missing per OKW @12/31/1944 3,823,000[20]
Difference 1,168,000

[edit] Civilian Casualties

[edit] Killed by Allied Aerial Bombardment and in 1945 military campaign

The estimate by West German government of November 1949 for Germany in 1937 borders was 450,000 killed in bombing and 50,000 in ground fighting. Figures do not include Austria. [21]

The West German government in October 1956 estimated 655,000 civilian deaths during war in Germany and Austria, 500,000 killed by strategic bombing, 135,000 in the 1945 flight and evacuations from East Europe. They also estimated 20,000 civilians were killed during the land campaign in Germany. These figures are detailed in a schedule below

Description Air War 1945 in East Total
Germany 1937 Borders
Civilians 410,000 127,000 537,000
Foreigners/POW 32,000 - 32,000
Police 23,000 1,000 24,000
Subtotal Germany 1937 Borders 465,000 128,000 593,000
Austria & Annexed Territories
Civilians 26,000 7,000 33,000
Foreigners/POW 7,000 7,000
Police 2,000 2,000
Subtotal Austria & Annexed Territories 35,000 7,000 42,000
Total Third Reich 500,000 135,000 635,000

Sources: Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office) and The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78. The Austrian government puts their losses in the air war at 24,000.


A 1990 study by the German historian de:Olaf Groehler estimated 360,000–370,000 civilians were killed by Allied strategic bombing within the 1937 German boundaries, for the German Reich including Austria, forced laborers, POW and military the total is estimated at 406,000. This revised estimate was published in the authoritative series The German Reich and the Second World War[22]

Killed during the fighting in Berlin 22,000[23]

[edit] Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution

The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (Including 160,000 German Jews)[24]

A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at 200,000 [25]

[edit] Civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans after World War II

See Also: Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans and Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union

The estimated 500,000 to 2,000,000 civilian deaths due to the Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union are sometimes included with World War II Casualties.

The following studies were published by the West German government estimating expulsion deaths.

1-In 1950 the West German government made an preliminary estimate of 3,000,000 German civilians missing in Eastern Europe (1.5 million from pre war Germany and 1.5 million ethnic Germans from East Europe)whose fate needed to be clarified.[26] This estimate was later superseded by the 1958 German Government demographic study.

2-The Schieder commission from 1953 to 1961 estimated 2.2 million civilian deaths in the expulsions- Details by country Oder-Neisse region 2,167,000(figure includes 500,000 military and 50,000 air raid dead); Poland 217,000, Danzig 100,000; Czechoslovakia 225,600; Yugoslavia 69,000; Rumania 10,000; Hungary 6,000[27] The statistical information in the Schieder Report was later superseded by the 1958 German Government demographic study.

3- The West German government statistical office issued a report in 1958 that put the number of civilians dead or missing in the expulsions and forced labor in the USSR at 2,225,000( including 1,339,000 for Germany in 1937 borders; Poland 185,000, Danzig 83,200; Czechoslovakia 272,900; Yugoslavia 135,800; Rumania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,400. The figures include 127,000 killed in the 1945 military campaign.[28] The figures from this report are often cited by historians writing in the English language. Dr. Rüdiger Overmans pointed out that these figures represent persons whose fate had not been clarified, not necessarily dead as a result of the expulsions.[29]

4-The West German government set up a unified body the Suchdienst (search service) of the German churches working in conjunction with the German Red Cross to trace the individual fates of those persons who were dead or missing as result of the Expulsions and deportations. In 1964 final report was issued by the Search service which was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe; and an additional 1,905,991 cases of persons whose fate could not be determined by 1964. This report remained confidential until the end of the Cold War. Dr.Rüdiger Overmans revealed a summary of this unpublished data at a 1994 historical symposium in Poland.[30]

5-On 28 May 1974, the West German Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv) issued a report to "compile and evaluate information available in the Federal Archives and elsewhere regarding crimes and brutalities committed against Germans in the course of the expulsion". In particular, the report identifed deaths due to crimes against international law: the 1958 report of the Federal Office for Statistics listed as "post-war losses" two million people whose fate remained unaccounted for in the population balance, but who according to the 1974 report were "not exclusively victims of crimes against international law" such as post war deaths due to malnutrition and disease. The report estimated 600,000 civilian deaths ( 150,000 violent Deaths during war in 1945; 200,000 in Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union and 250,000 in post war internment Camps and forced labor in Eastern Europe)[31]

Recent research on German expulsion losses:

In his 2000 study of German military casualties Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 344,000 additional military deaths of Germans from the Former eastern territories of Germany and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilians previously listed as missing in the expulsions. Overmans did not investigate civilian expulsion losses, only military casualties, he merely noted that other studies estimated of expulsion losses from about 500,000 to 2,000,000. Overmans maintains that there are more arguments for a lower figure of 500,000 rather than the higher figures of over 2.0 million. He believes new research on the number of expulsion deaths is needed since only 500,000 of the reported 2,000,00 deaths have been confirmed [32].[33]

The German historian Ingo Haar believes that civilian losses in the expulsions have been overstated in Germany for decades for political reasons. Haar argues that during the Cold War the West German government put political pressure on the Statistisches Bundesamt to push the figures upward to agree to the Church Service figure of 500,000 confirmed dead and 1.9 million missing. Haar maintains that the Church Service figure of 1.9 million missing persons is unreliable. He also maintains that the actual death toll in the expulsions is between 500-600,000 which is based on confirmed deaths.[34] [35] [36]

In 2005 the German Red Cross Search Service still maintained that their research put losses at 2,252,500 persons in the expulsions and deportations. They did not provide details of the figure [37]

In 2006 The German government reaffirmed its belief that 2 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. They maintain that the figure is correct because it includes additional post war deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions State Secretary in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, Christoph Bergner, outlined the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk saying that the numbers presented by the German government and others are not contradictory to the numbers cited by Haar, and that the below 600,000 estimate comprises the deaths directly caused by atrocities during the expulsion measures and thus only includes people who on the spot were raped, beaten, or else brought to death, while the above two millions estimate also includes people who on their way to post-war Germany have died of epidemics, hunger, cold, air raids and the like.[38]

[edit] Total Population Losses 1939-1946

[edit] Population Balance for Germany in 1937 borders:
May 1939 to Oct 1946

Description Amount
Population May 1939 Census 69,300,000
Actual Births 8,700,000
Expected Deaths (5,900,000)
Net Immigration-German Refugees 3,900,000
Germans remaining Abroad (2,300,000)
POW held by Allies (1,800,000)
Expected Population 71,900,000
Actual Population October 46 Census 65,400,000
Population Loss Due to War 6,500,000

Sources for figures: Marschalck, Peter. Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert- Suhrkamp 1984 and Steinberg, Heinz Günter: Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung von 1945 bis 1990.

Notes:

1-Figures are for Germany in 1937 borders and do not include Austria and the ethnic Germans of East Europe.

2-The expected deaths were estimated based on the peacetime death rate.

3-Net Immigration-German Refugees were ethnic Germans of East Europe who lived outside Germany in 1937 borders.

4-Germans remaining abroad in Oct 1946 were in Poland. By 1950 about 1.0 million were expelled to Germany.

5-POW still held by Allies were POW who were from Germany in the 1937 borders, not including Austria and the ethnic Germans of East Europe. Total POW held were 2.5 million, 400,000 were in Germany and counted in the census and 300,000 were from outside of Germany in 1937 borders

6-Population loss due to war is for Germany in 1937 borders, not including Austria and the ethnic Germans of East Europe. In addition to military and civilian dead directly related to the war there were excess deaths due malnutrition and disease. The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 deaths caused by an increase in mortality due to harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war[39] In Allied occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47 the average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.,[40]

[edit] Population Balance for Austria

The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing raids.[41]

[edit] Population Balance for the ethnic Germans of eastern Europe

In 1958 the West German government statistical office put the losses of the ethnic Germans at 1,318,000 (886,000 civilians in the expulsions and 411,000 in the German military and 22,000 in the Hungarian and Romanian military) [42] The research of Rudiger Overmans puts military losses of ethnic Germans at 534,000 [43]Ingo Haar points out that of the 886,000 estimated civilian dead from east Europe only 168,147 deaths have been confirmed; the balance are considered unresolved cases. [44]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b Great patriotic war of the Soviet Union, 1941-1945 : a general outline - Moscow : Progress Publishers, [1974] Page 392
  2. ^ a b G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7 Pages 276-278
  3. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office)
  4. ^ Wirtsckaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office)
  5. ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958
  6. ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78
  7. ^ Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.
  8. ^ Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 ( Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The forward to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily)
  9. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1,
  11. ^ Overmans, p. 265
  12. ^ Rűdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg., 2002 ISBN 3548363288
  13. ^ Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940 - 1945: 8 Bde. (ISBN 9783881990738 ) Pages 1508 to 1511
  14. ^ Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that “It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody”
  15. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 289
  16. ^ Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1, Page 241
  17. ^ Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1, Page 241
  18. ^ Rűdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein Taschenbuch vlg., 2002
  19. ^ Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940 - 1945: 8 Bde. (ISBN 9783881990738 ) Pages 1508 to 1511
  20. ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Page 78
  21. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland.(German government Statistical Office)
  22. ^ Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Bd. 9/1, ISBN 3-421-06236-6. p. 460
  23. ^ "Peter Antill, Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: end of the Thousand Year Reich ISBN 1841769150 Page 85". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=vAzgsCDUky0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Peter+Antill,+Peter+Dennis,+Berlin+1945:+end+of+the+Thousand+Year+Reich&hl=en&ei=dK25TJWtLoWKlwfp_I25DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=22%2C000&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-15. 
  24. ^ Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961] Page 32
  25. ^ Spiegel 1.10.2003Forscher öffnen Inventar des Schreckens
  26. ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik April 1950
  27. ^ Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Vol. 1-5, Bonn, 1954-1961
  28. ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 See pages 102, 143,174,323 381
  29. ^ Dr. Rűdiger Overmans- Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (A parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994
  30. ^ Dr. Rűdiger Overmans- Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (A parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994
  31. ^ German Federal Archive, Spiegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989
  32. ^ Rűdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1
  33. ^ Dr. Rűdiger Overmans- Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (A parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994
  34. ^ Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Springer 2009: ISBN 9783531161525
  35. ^ Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar, Bevölkerungsbilanzen“ und „Vertreibungsverluste. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 ISBN 9783531155562
  36. ^ Ingo Haar, Die Deutschen „Vertreibungsverluste –Zur Entstehung der „Dokumentation der Vertreibung - Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum für Geschichte ; Gerlingen [Germany] : Bleicher Verlag
  37. ^ Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 ( Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The forward to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily)
  38. ^ Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006, [1]
  39. ^ B. Gleitze, Deutschlands Bevölkerungsverluste durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg, „Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung” 1953, s. 375-384 Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany
  40. ^ Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe
  41. ^ Austria facts and Figures Page 44 [2]
  42. ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958
  43. ^ Rűdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1, p. 265
  44. ^ Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Springer 2009: ISBN 9783531161525
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