Glibenclamide
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 5-chloro-N-(4-[N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl]phenethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Diabeta, Glynase, Micronase Daonil, Semi-Daonil, Euglucon, Delmide |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| MedlinePlus | a684058 |
| Licence data | US FDA:link |
| Pregnancy cat. | C (AU) B (US) |
| Legal status | POM (UK) ℞-only (US) |
| Routes | Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | Extensive |
| Metabolism | Hepatic hydroxylation (CYP2C9-mediated) |
| Half-life | 10 hours |
| Excretion | Renal and biliary |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 10238-21-8  |
| ATC code | A10BB01 |
| PubChem | CID 3488 |
| IUPHAR ligand | 2414 |
| DrugBank | DB01016 |
| ChemSpider | 3368 |
| UNII | SX6K58TVWC |
| KEGG | D00336 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:5441 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL472 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C23H28ClN3O5S |
| Mol. mass | 494.004 g/mol |
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Glibenclamide (INN), also known as glyburide (USAN), is an antidiabetic drug in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, closely related to sulfa drugs. It was developed in 1966 in a cooperative study between Boehringer Mannheim (now part of Roche) and Hoechst (now part of Sanofi-Aventis).[1]
It is sold in doses of 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg and 5 mg, under the trade names Diabeta, Glynase and Micronase in the United States and Daonil, Semi-Daonil and Euglucon in the United Kingdom and Delmide in India.
It is also sold in combination with metformin under the trade names Glucovance, Benimet and Glibomet.
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Mechanism of action [edit]
The drug works by inhibiting the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1), the regulatory subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP)[2] in pancreatic beta cells. This inhibition causes cell membrane depolarization opening voltage-dependent calcium channel. This results in an increase in intracellular calcium in the beta cell and subsequent stimulation of insulin release.
After an cerebral ischemic insult the blood brain barrier is broken and glibenclamide can reach the central nervous system. Glibenclamide has been shown to bind more efficiently to the ischemic hemisphere.[3] Moreover, under ischemic conditions SUR1, the regulatory subunit of the KATP- and the NCCa-ATP-channels, is expressed in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells[4] and by reactive microglia.[3]
Medical uses [edit]
It is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. As of 2011[update], it is one of only two oral antidiabetics in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines (the other being metformin).[5] As of 2003, in the United States, it was the most popular sulfonylurea.[6]
Additionally, recent research shows that glibenclamide improves outcome in animal stroke models by preventing brain swelling[7] and enhancing neuroprotection.[2] A retrospective study showed that in type 2 diabetic patients already taking glyburide, NIH stroke scale scores on were improved on discharge compared to diabetic patients not taking glyburide.[8]
Side effects and contraindications [edit]
This drug is a major cause of drug induced hypoglycemia. Cholestatic jaundice is noted.
Glibenclamide may be contraindicated in for those with G6PD deficiency, as it may cause acute haemolysis.[9]
Recently published data suggest glibenclamide is associated with significantly higher annual mortality when combined with metformin than other insulin-secreting medications, after correcting for other potentially confounding patient characteristics. The safety of this combination has been questioned.[10] Glibenclamide causes cholestasis as the major side effect.
Glibenclamide has been demonstrated to block the protection offered by myocardial preconditioning in dogs.[11]
Synthesis [edit]
The N-acetyl derivative of β-phenethylamine is reacted with chlorosulfonic acid to form the para sulfonyl chloride derivative. This is then subjected to ammonolysis, followed by base-catalyzed removal of the acetamide. This is then acylated with 2-methoxy-5-chlorobenzoic acid chloride to give the amide intermediate. This is then reacted with cyclohexyl isocyanate to yield the sulfonylurea glibenclamide.[12]
References [edit]
- ^ Marble A (1971). "Glibenclamide, a new sulphonylurea: whither oral hypoglycaemic agents?". Drugs 1 (2): 109–15. doi:10.2165/00003495-197101020-00001. PMID 4999930.
- ^ a b Serrano-Martín X, Payares G, Mendoza-León A (December 2006). "Glibenclamide, a blocker of K+(ATP) channels, shows antileishmanial activity in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50 (12): 4214–6. doi:10.1128/AAC.00617-06. PMC 1693980. PMID 17015627.
- ^ a b Ortega FJ, Gimeno-Bayon J, Espinosa-Parrilla JF, Carrasco JL, Batlle M, Pugliese M, Mahy N, Rodríguez MJ (May 2012). "ATP-dependent potassium channel blockade strengthens microglial neuroprotection after hypoxia-ischemia in rats". Exp. Neurol. 235 (1): 282–96. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.010. PMID 22387180.
- ^ Simard JM, Woo SK, Schwartzbauer GT, Gerzanich V (September 2012). "Sulfonylurea receptor 1 in central nervous system injury: a focused review". J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 32 (9): 1699–717. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.91. PMC 3434627. PMID 22714048.
- ^ WHO Expert Committee (March 2011). "The selection and use of essential medicines". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser (965): i–xiv, 1–249. PMID 22891532.
- ^ Riddle MC (February 2003). "Editorial: sulfonylureas differ in effects on ischemic preconditioning--is it time to retire glyburide?". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (2): 528–30. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021971. PMID 12574174.
- ^ Simard JM, Chen M, Tarasov KV, Bhatta S, Ivanova S, Melnitchenko L, Tsymbalyuk N, West GA, Gerzanich V (April 2006). "Newly expressed SUR1-regulated NC(Ca-ATP) channel mediates cerebral edema after ischemic stroke". Nat. Med. 12 (4): 433–40. doi:10.1038/nm1390. PMC 2740734. PMID 16550187.
- ^ Kunte H, Schmidt S, Eliasziw M, del Zoppo GJ, Simard JM, Masuhr F, Weih M, Dirnagl U (September 2007). "Sulfonylureas improve outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute ischemic stroke". Stroke 38 (9): 2526–30. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.482216. PMC 2742413. PMID 17673715.
- ^ Meloni G, Meloni T (January 1996). "Glyburide-induced acute haemolysis in a G6PD-deficient patient with NIDDM". Br. J. Haematol. 92 (1): 159–60. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.275810.x. PMID 8562390.
- ^ Monami M, Luzzi C, Lamanna C, Chiasserini V, Addante F, Desideri CM, Masotti G, Marchionni N, Mannucci E (2006). "Three-year mortality in diabetic patients treated with different combinations of insulin secretagogues and metformin". Diabetes Metab Res Rev 22 (6): 477–82. doi:10.1002/dmrr.642. PMID 16634115.
- ^ Gross GJ, Auchampach JA (February 1992). "Blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channels prevents myocardial preconditioning in dogs". Circ. Res. 70 (2): 223–33. doi:10.1161/01.RES.70.2.223. PMID 1310443.
- ^ Hsi RSP (January 1973). "Synthesis of carbon-14 and tritium labeled glyburide". Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 9 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2590090112.
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