Goiânia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Goiânia | |||
| — Municipality — | |||
| The Municipality of Goiânia | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: 16°40′00″S 49°15′00″W / 16.666667°S 49.25°WCoordinates: 16°40′00″S 49°15′00″W / 16.666667°S 49.25°W | |||
| Country |  Brazil |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Central-West | ||
| State |  Goiás |
||
| Founded | October 24, 1933 | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Íris Rezende Machado (PMDB) | ||
| Area | |||
| - Municipality | 789 km2 (304.6 sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 739 km2 (285.3 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 749 m (2,457 ft) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| - Municipality | 1.265.394 | ||
| - Density | 1,604/km2 (4,154.3/sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 2.063.744 | ||
| Time zone | UTC-3 (UTC-3) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | UTC-2 (UTC-2) | ||
| Postal Code | 74000-000 | ||
| HDI (2000) | 0.832 – high | ||
| Website | Goiânia, Goiás | ||
Goiânia (pronounced /ɡɔɪˈɑːniə/)[1], is the capital and the largest city in the state of Goiás. Goiania is the second largest city in the Central-Western Region of Brazil.
The city of Goiânia has a population of 1,265,394 people[2], It currently is listed as the thirteenth largest city in Brazil. The metropolitan area has a total population of 2,063,744 people.
Goiânia unlike any other city in Brazil was a completely planned city. The city was founded on October 24, 1933 by Pedro Ludovico it was originally created to be the new state capital and center for all state matters. Before October 24 1933 the state capital resided in the city of Goiás.
It's the greenest city in Brazil and the second only to Edmonton in the world[3] .
Contents |
[edit] History
(1753-1930) The idea of creating a new state capital had been bounced around from early on in the history of the state of Goiás. The first plan came from D. Marcos de Noronha who in 1753 wanted to establish the state capital in the municipality of Pirenópolis, then again in 1863 José Vieira Couto de Magalhães put forward a plan to move the capital to the edge of the river Araguaia.
It was about from the need to locate it in accordance with the economic interests of the state. The first state capital, Vila Boa (today City of Goiás), had been chosen when the economy was based on gold extraction. Later it was demonstrated that cattle-raising and agriculture had become the most important factors in development, and the old state capital was too out of the way.
Legislators kept the idea of a change alive for a long time. In 1891 the constitutional delegates made the idea of the transfer of the capital official including it in the constitution, ratifying it in 1898 and later in 1918.
Vaguely remembered until 1930, the idea of a change only became reality during the government of Pedro Ludovico, who was the new governor appointed for the state of Goiás after the military revolt of 1930. In 1932 a commission was created to choose the place where the new capital would be built. In 1933 the commission decided on the present location and the foundation stone was erected.
The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius – streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government – The Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas.
In 1937 a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás to Goiânia. The official inauguration only occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.
The name, Goiânia, came about in 1933 after a contest was put on by a local newspaper. Readers from all over the state contributed, with some of the most voted names being Petrônia, Americana, Petrolândia, Goianópolis, Goiânia, Bartolomeu Bueno, Campanha, Eldorado, Anhanguera, Liberdade, Goianésia, and Pátria Nova, among others. In 1935 Pedro Ludovico used the name Goiânia for the first time signing a decree creating the municipio of Goiânia.
[edit] Art deco
The first buildings in this planned city, designed by Atílio Correia Lima, were inspired by Art Deco. The collection of buildings in the city is considered one of the most important in Brazil. Mostly built in the 1940s and 1950s they have been recognized by the National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage. Included are 22 buildings and monuments, the original center of Goiânia, and the pioneering nucleus of Campinas, the town that gave birth to Goiânia.
[edit] Radiation incident
In 1987 an old medical radiation source scavenged from an abandoned hospital in Goiânia caused several deaths and many more non-fatal cases of radiation poisoning.
[edit] Geography
| Climate chart for Goiania | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
270
29
20
|
213
29
20
|
209
30
20
|
120
30
19
|
36
29
16
|
9
29
14
|
6
29
13
|
13
31
15
|
47
32
18
|
171
31
20
|
220
30
20
|
258
29
20
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| average max. and min. temperatures in °C precipitation totals in mm source: [11] |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Imperial conversion
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[edit] Climate
The climate is continental tropical humid with an average temperature of 21.9°C (71.4°F). There's a wet season, from October to April, and a dry one, from May to September. Annual rainfall is around 1,520 mm.
The lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.5°C (32.9°F) [4] on July 18, 2000, in the suburbs. 1.2°C (34.1°F) [5] was the lowest recorded downtown, in July 9, 1938. However, such lows are very rare. Temperatures may fall below 8°C (46°F) every winter, mainly in the suburbs. The highest temperature ever recorded was 39.2°C (102.5°F) on October 17, 2007.
[edit] Vegetation
The "cerrado" landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. Humid fields and "buriti" palm paths are found where the water table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils. More than 1600 species of mammals, birds and reptiles have been identified in the cerrado ("Cerrado's Fauna", Costa et al., 1981), including 180 reptile species, 113 amphibians, 837 birds and 195 mammals (WWF). Among the invertebrates, the most notable are the termites and the leaf-cutter ants ("saúvas"). They are the main herbivores of the cerrado, important to consuming and decomposing of organic matter, as well as constituting an important food source to many other animal species.
[edit] Economy
Today the economy of Goiania is based on various industries; primarily the economy finds its roots based in the Agricultural industry thriving in and around the city. The supplying of equipment, tools, fertilizer and all various agriculture products make up a large portion of the city industries.
Second to Agriculture is the vehicle trade industry. Repairs, Sales and reconditioning of general vehicles is very wide spread and visible in all areas of the city.
The third largest contributor to the economy is that of the Government civil service. As Goiânia is the State Capital of Goiás, it thus is home to many various Federal and State civil service agencies and provides a large number of jobs to the population.
It must be noted that in recent years the Telecommunication and it's industry have begun to expand into Goiânia and one now find many large Brazilian companies setting up offices in the city of Goiânia.
In addition, due to Goiania being the state Capital it the home to countless private medical centers/clinics of all manners.
The GDP for the city was R$ 13,354,065,000 (2005).[6]
The per capita income for the city was R$ 11,119 (2005).[7]
[edit] Education
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are parts of the official high school curriculum.
[edit] Educational institutions
- Universidade Católica de Goiás (UCG);
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG);
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG);
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFG);
- Universidade Paulista (UNIP);
- and many others.
[edit] Infrastructure
[edit] Transportation
Road
Goiânia is connected to the federal capital Brasília via a four lane highway (BR-060), and a standard two lane highway to São Paulo by BR-153 (which has been under construction for over 5 years to expand it to a four lane Highway). The state of Goiás maintains the main artery roads (marked GO-xx)in and out of the main city. These are typically two lane roads. At present the state of Goiás has severe issues maintaining these roads and most are in a severe state of disrepair.
As Goiânia was a planned city when first created one will find that the downtown cores (Setores Central/Oeste/Sul) are somewhat easy to navigate. Unfortunately, due to poor urban planning newer areas of the city are extremely difficult to navigate and access to main route are limited adding to congestion in the suburbs. Goiania suffers from sever issues with their road network, most roads in the city are in a serious state of disrepair due to poor construction and poor maintenance.
Due to poor public transport within the city most people use personal cars and motorcycles rather than the public transportation, resulting in Goiania having one of the highest numbers of cars per person in the country. This high rate of vehicles causes large traffic problems during peak times in and around the city. Driving in Goiania is not for the faint-hearted as drivers tend to be very aggressive and pay little attention to standard road rules resulting in a very high road fatality rate for both cars and motorcycles.
Rail
Railway connections were never developed and all transportation of goods is carried out via the connecting highways.
Airports
The main airport is the Santa Genoveva, which provides flights to a few major cities in Brazil. At present modernization work is underway to construct a new runway and terminal to handle the growing number of air passenger in and out of Goiânia.
Public Transportation
All public transportation is run via bus Services in Goiânia which are run via several different transportation companies all working under the municipality. There is no bus system map as found in most cities included buses run on an unpredictable time schedule. Bus stops are spaced out at random interval and stops do not display any route information. Unlike most Brazilian cities, there are no ticket collectors on the buses in Goiânia; all the fares are collected using magnetic paper cards and old fashion turnstiles. Passes are provided by SitPASS which can be purchased on the street via street vendors or in small shops throughout the city (during working hours). Each bus trip is $2.25 reais ( minimum purchase is a return ticket $4.50 reais) and allows for no transfers unless you are at a select few bus stations in the suburbs.
Anhanguera Avenue, is one of the largest/longest avenues in the city, and underwent a major reformation in the late 1990s that created a dedicated bus lane for the entire length of the avenue, with stations every 1/2 Kilometer. The lanes, however are located in the center of the avenue, giving it a distinct look and adds an extra danger to passengers as they need to cross a bus lanes and normal traffic lanes to reach the sidewalk usually without any traffic signals to assist. The fare to travel on the Anhanguera bus route is $1.00 Real and all buses on this route are articulated buses.
[edit] National Airport
Santa Genoveva National Airport is an airport located on the northeast side Goiânia, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Currently six airlines are operating regular flights at Santa Genoveva Airport to several destinations in Brazil. Currently construction is underway for a new airport terminal. Modernization work will soon get under way at Goiânia Airport. With nominal yearly capacity of 600 thousand passengers, in 2004 it received 950 thousand. With its new terminal, it will be able to handle up to 2 million users a year.
[edit] Green areas
Goiânia is a sprawling city with numerous skyscrapers (see Photos of Goiânia for photos) dominating the center and one-floor family homes spreading out across the verdant tree-covered plain. Many of the streets are lined with tropical fruit trees and there are many parks with remnants of the original tropical vegetation. Thirty percent of the city area is planted in trees—3.75 of the 11 square km. The most important of these parks are the Parque Zoológico, Parque Vaca Brava, Parque Ecológico, Bosque dos Buritís and Parque Areião. In these places, refreshing lakes, vast vegetation and the sound of birds and animals can be appreciated. In Parque Areião there are still monkeys native to the area. Almost all of the parks are surrounded by walking paths. Approximately 30% of the city Goiania, the capital of Goiás, is green, with forests, avenues and parks. One of the biggest parks is the Bosque dos Buritís with an area of 140 000 square meters with many of the ‘burití’ palm trees, which have a yellow fruit.
Goiânia is famous for being the ‘spring capital’ and was planned as a modern city, growing outside from the center. In the starting years this building plan worked well, but through the quick growth the plan was not followed to the letters,with the exception of the green areas, causing severe infrastructure problems in some areas such as public transport and health care system.
In the Bosque dos Buritís one finds the Monument for World Peace, designed by Siron Franco. This monument contains a 7 meter high ampole with walls of glass and the soil of more than 50 countries from all over the world. Every year on World Environment Day there will be scattered soil of a new country added.
Another attraction is the Chico Mendes Botanic Garden (s), where trees and flowers like bromelias, orchids, fruit trees and a lake can be found.
[edit] Parque Zoológico
Created in 1946, it contains over one thousand animals, including mammals, birds, and reptiles. Five streams have their source in the park, which, besides the Zoo itself, also contains the Horto Florestal and the Lago das Rosas (Lake of Roses). The park is located in the Setor Oeste, one of the richest and most beautiful residencial areas of Goiânia.
[edit] Burití's Park
Situated in the center of the city this is Goiânia’s oldest green area. It has an area of 120,000 square meters. There is a running track and exercise area, that has pull up bars and situp benches with various inclines. There are three artificial lakes created by Buriti Stream. We can also find the Goiânia Art Museum and the Free Center of Arts. It houses a group of Marmosets and many turtles.
[edit] Vaca Brava Park
Every day at dawn hundreds of people begin their daily activities by walking or jogging along the sidewalk that encloses Parque Vaca Brava. It has an area of 18,000 square meters and contains a lake, a forest with native species and places for exercise. Vaca Brava (which could be roughly translated as Angry Cow) has become a symbol of the new thriving area of the Setor Bueno, which has flourished in the past decades and is now one of the most important zones of Goiânia.
[edit] Areião Park
The Areião is one of the biggest green areas of Goiânia. Located in a wealthy area, it is famous for its dense vegetation, full of monkeys. Besides the many trails, there is also a lake, a jogging route and many wooden buildings, including a beautiful small theater, consisting of a stage and many seats in the middle of a bamboo forest.
[edit] Cobra Veiga—center for snake research
Located in an area of 44,000.5 m² (10.87 acres), it has an infrastructure for 750 serpents of different species, in addition to a laboratory and a rodent house. Its main activities are the extraction of poison for medicinal purposes, research on behavior of serpents in captivity and the recuperation of degraded areas and the preservation of springs and their forest.
[edit] Leisure
The leisure options are diversified. There are five shopping malls. In sports there are numerous gyms, public and private. The city has one of the most beautiful Brazilian football stadiums, the Serra Dourada, in addition to the International Racetrack Ayrton Senna, a kart track and a horse racing track. It is also known by its night life heavily based on bars.
[edit] Sports
Goiânia has four football (soccer) clubs: Atlético Clube Goianiense, Goiânia Esporte Clube, Goiás Esporte Clube and Vila Nova Futebol Clube. Goiás competes in the Série A, while Atlético Goianiense and Vila Nova compete in the Série B.
[edit] Museums
The most important museums are the Museu Antropológico da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto Goiano de Pré-História e Antropologia, Fundação Museu de Ornitologia, Museu de Arte Contemporânea and Museu Zoroastro Artiaga. One interesting place is the so-called Memorial do Cerrado.
[edit] Rock Scene
Goiânia is home to one of the most important rock scenes from Brazil. It has started in the early 90s, with the creation of the first independent rock festivals in the city. Indie Labels like Monstro Discos, Two Beers or Not Two Beers and Insetus flourished and have been crucial to support and broadcast the scene, which, due to the fact of being completely independent from the mainstream media, sometimes is not known even to native Goianienses. The main styles are Alternative or Indie rock represented by bands like MQN, Violins, Hang The Superstars, Valentina, NEM, Fantasma de Agnes and Flores Indecentes; punk and hardcore by bands like Desastre, Vacilo, Resistentes, Descarga Negativa, Señores, Umbral and HC-137 and metal with bands like Ressonância Mórfica (unlike most Metal bands they sing in archaic Portuguese) Spiritual Carnage, Eternal Devastation and Euphonia. There are currently two major independent festivals held in the city, Bananada (usually held in May) and Goiânia Noise (usually in December). It is interesting to notice that Goiânia, as the capital of a rural state, has been traditionally influenced by the sertanejo style, strongly connected with the country lifestyle. Though the sertanejo is still an icon of Goiás' culture, the rock scene is seen by some as a response to it, and Goiânia is now a leading center in the underground rock movement in Brazil.
[edit] Health
Goiânia is a national reference in several areas of medicine, especially ophthalmology, neurology, burn treatment, and leprosy.
[edit] Health data
- Infant mortality rate: 21.30 in 1,000 live births (2000)
- Hospitals: 60
- Hospital beds: 6.037
- Walk-in public health clinics: 667
- Doctors in the public health system: 6,315 (2002)
- Nurses in the public health system: 808
- Dentists in the public health system: 659
[edit] Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index
- HDI-M: 0.832 (2nd in the state and 115th nationally)
- HDI-M - Income: 0.813
- HDI-M - Education: 0.933
- HDI-M - Life expectancy: 0.751
(Data are from 2000)
[edit] References
- ^ Pronuciation of Goiânia at Dictionary.com
- ^ Census of the cities of Goiás and estimative for the population of Goiânia for the year of 2007PDF (57.8 KB). IBGE.
- ^ Folha Online - Turismo - Arborizada e planejada, Goiânia se destaca por parques e museus - 08/05/2009
- ^ "CPTEC/INPE", Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Plataformas de Coletas de Dados, Dados Históricos Meteorológicos.
- ^ "INMET", Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Gráficos Climatológicos. Período: 1931-1960.
- ^ (in Portuguese) (PDF) GDP. Goiânia, Brazil: IBGE. 2005. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-22.
- ^ (in Portuguese) (PDF) per capita income. Goiânia, Brazil: IBGE. 2005. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pibmunicipios/2005/tab01.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-22.
[edit] External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
