Isotopes of gold
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Gold (Au) has one stable isotope, 197Au, and 36 radioisotopes with 195Au being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days.
Gold is currently considered the heaviest Monoisotopic element (Bismuth formerly held that distinction, but Bismuth-209 has been found to be slightly radioactive).
Gold has been proposed as a material for creating a salted nuclear weapon (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of natural 197Au, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope 198Au with a half-life of 2.697 days and produce approximately .411 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.[1] Gold has been used in thermonuclear weapons as radiation mirrors within the secondary assembly. Ivy Mike used a thin layer of gold on the secondary casing walls to enhance the blackbody effect, trapping more energy in the foam to enhance the implosion.[2]
The highest amount of 198Au detected in any United States nuclear test was in shot "Sedan" detonated at Nevada Test Site on July 6, 1962.[3]
Standard atomic mass: 196.966569(4) u
[edit] Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[4][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||||
| 169Au | 79 | 90 | 168.99808(32)# | 150# µs | 1/2+# | ||||
| 170Au | 79 | 91 | 169.99612(22)# | 310(50) µs [286(+50-40) µs] |
(2-) | ||||
| 170mAu | 275(14) keV | 630(60) µs [0.62(+6-5) ms] |
(9+) | ||||||
| 171Au | 79 | 92 | 170.991879(28) | 30(5) µs | p | 170Pt | (1/2+) | ||
| α (rare) | 167Ir | ||||||||
| 171mAu | 250(16) keV | 1.014(19) ms | α (54%) | 167Ir | 11/2- | ||||
| p (46%) | 170Pt | ||||||||
| 172Au | 79 | 93 | 171.99004(17)# | 4.7(11) ms | α (98%) | 168Ir | high | ||
| p (2%) | 171Pt | ||||||||
| 173Au | 79 | 94 | 172.986237(28) | 25(1) ms | α | 169Ir | (1/2+) | ||
| β+ (rare) | 173Pt | ||||||||
| 173mAu | 214(23) keV | 14.0(9) ms | α (96%) | 169Ir | (11/2-) | ||||
| β+ (4%) | 173Pt | ||||||||
| 174Au | 79 | 95 | 173.98476(11)# | 139(3) ms | α | 170Ir | low | ||
| β+ (rare) | 174Pt | ||||||||
| 174mAu | 360(70)# keV | 171(29) ms | high | ||||||
| 175Au | 79 | 96 | 174.98127(5) | 100# ms | α (82%) | 171Ir | 1/2+# | ||
| β+ (18%) | 175Pt | ||||||||
| 175mAu | 200(30)# keV | 156(3) ms | α | 171Ir | 11/2-# | ||||
| β+ | 175Pt | ||||||||
| 176Au | 79 | 97 | 175.98010(11)# | 1.08(17) s [0.84(+17-14) s] |
α (60%) | 172Ir | (5-) | ||
| β+ (40%) | 176Pt | ||||||||
| 176mAu | 150(100)# keV | 860(160) ms | (7+) | ||||||
| 177Au | 79 | 98 | 176.976865(14) | 1.462(32) s | β+ (60%) | 177Pt | (1/2+,3/2+) | ||
| α (40%) | 173Ir | ||||||||
| 177mAu | 216(26) keV | 1.180(12) s | 11/2- | ||||||
| 178Au | 79 | 99 | 177.97603(6) | 2.6(5) s | β+ (60%) | 178Pt | |||
| α (40%) | 174Ir | ||||||||
| 179Au | 79 | 100 | 178.973213(18) | 7.1(3) s | β+ (78%) | 179Pt | 5/2-# | ||
| α (22%) | 175Ir | ||||||||
| 179mAu | 99(16) keV | (11/2-) | |||||||
| 180Au | 79 | 101 | 179.972521(23) | 8.1(3) s | β+ (98.2%) | 180Pt | |||
| α (1.8%) | 176Ir | ||||||||
| 181Au | 79 | 102 | 180.970079(21) | 13.7(14) s | β+ (97.3%) | 181Pt | (3/2-) | ||
| α (2.7%) | 177Ir | ||||||||
| 182Au | 79 | 103 | 181.969618(22) | 15.5(4) s | β+ (99.87%) | 182Pt | (2+) | ||
| α (.13%) | 178Ir | ||||||||
| 183Au | 79 | 104 | 182.967593(11) | 42.8(10) s | β+ (99.2%) | 183Pt | (5/2)- | ||
| α (.8%) | 179Ir | ||||||||
| 183m1Au | 73.3(4) keV | >1 µs | (1/2)+ | ||||||
| 183m2Au | 230.6(6) keV | <1 µs | (11/2)- | ||||||
| 184Au | 79 | 105 | 183.967452(24) | 20.6(9) s | β+ | 184Pt | 5+ | ||
| 184mAu | 68.46(1) keV | 47.6(14) s | β+ (70%) | 184Pt | 2+ | ||||
| IT (30%) | 184Au | ||||||||
| α (.013%) | 180Ir | ||||||||
| 185Au | 79 | 106 | 184.965789(28) | 4.25(6) min | β+ (99.74%) | 185Pt | 5/2- | ||
| α (.26%) | 181Ir | ||||||||
| 185mAu | 100(100)# keV | 6.8(3) min | 1/2+# | ||||||
| 186Au | 79 | 107 | 185.965953(23) | 10.7(5) min | β+ (99.9992%) | 186Pt | 3- | ||
| α (8×10−4%) | 182Ir | ||||||||
| 186mAu | 227.77(7) keV | 110(10) ns | 2+ | ||||||
| 187Au | 79 | 108 | 186.964568(27) | 8.4(3) min | β+ (99.997%) | 187Pt | 1/2+ | ||
| α (.003%) | 183Ir | ||||||||
| 187mAu | 120.51(16) keV | 2.3(1) s | IT | 187Au | 9/2- | ||||
| 188Au | 79 | 109 | 187.965324(22) | 8.84(6) min | β+ | 188Pt | 1(-) | ||
| 189Au | 79 | 110 | 188.963948(22) | 28.7(3) min | β+ (99.9997%) | 189Pt | 1/2+ | ||
| α (3×10−4%) | 185Ir | ||||||||
| 189m1Au | 247.23(16) keV | 4.59(11) min | β+ | 189Pt | 11/2- | ||||
| IT (rare) | 189Au | ||||||||
| 189m2Au | 325.11(16) keV | 190(15) ns | 9/2- | ||||||
| 189m3Au | 2554.7(12) keV | 242(10) ns | 31/2+ | ||||||
| 190Au | 79 | 111 | 189.964700(17) | 42.8(10) min | β+ | 190Pt | 1- | ||
| α (10−6%) | 186Ir | ||||||||
| 190mAu | 200(150)# keV | 125(20) ms | IT | 190Au | 11-# | ||||
| β+ (rare) | 190Pt | ||||||||
| 191Au | 79 | 112 | 190.96370(4) | 3.18(8) h | β+ | 191Pt | 3/2+ | ||
| 191m1Au | 266.2(5) keV | 920(110) ms | IT | 191Au | (11/2-) | ||||
| 191m2Au | 2490(1) keV | >400 ns | |||||||
| 192Au | 79 | 113 | 191.964813(17) | 4.94(9) h | β+ | 192Pt | 1- | ||
| 192m1Au | 135.41(25) keV | 29 ms | IT | 192Au | (5#)+ | ||||
| 192m2Au | 431.6(5) keV | 160(20) ms | (11-) | ||||||
| 193Au | 79 | 114 | 192.964150(11) | 17.65(15) h | β+ (100%) | 193Pt | 3/2+ | ||
| α (10−5%) | 189Ir | ||||||||
| 193m1Au | 290.19(3) keV | 3.9(3) s | IT (99.97%) | 193Au | 11/2- | ||||
| β+ (.03%) | 193Pt | ||||||||
| 193m2Au | 2486.5(6) keV | 150(50) ns | (31/2+) | ||||||
| 194Au | 79 | 115 | 193.965365(11) | 38.02(10) h | β+ | 194Pt | 1- | ||
| 194m1Au | 107.4(5) keV | 600(8) ms | IT | 194Au | (5+) | ||||
| 194m2Au | 475.8(6) keV | 420(10) ms | (11-) | ||||||
| 195Au | 79 | 116 | 194.9650346(14) | 186.098(47) d | EC | 195Pt | 3/2+ | ||
| 195mAu | 318.58(4) keV | 30.5(2) s | IT | 195Au | 11/2- | ||||
| 196Au | 79 | 117 | 195.966570(3) | 6.1669(6) d | β+ (93.05%) | 196Pt | 2- | ||
| β- (6.95%) | 196Hg | ||||||||
| 196m1Au | 84.660(20) keV | 8.1(2) s | IT | 196Au | 5+ | ||||
| 196m2Au | 595.66(4) keV | 9.6(1) h | 12- | ||||||
| 197Au[n 3] | 79 | 118 | 196.9665687(6) | Observationally Stable[n 4] | 3/2+ | 1.0000 | |||
| 197mAu | 409.15(8) keV | 7.73(6) s | IT | 197Au | 11/2- | ||||
| 198Au | 79 | 119 | 197.9682423(6) | 2.69517(21) d | β- | 198Hg | 2- | ||
| 198m1Au | 312.2200(20) keV | 124(4) ns | 5+ | ||||||
| 198m2Au | 811.7(15) keV | 2.27(2) d | IT | 198Au | (12-) | ||||
| 199Au | 79 | 120 | 198.9687652(6) | 3.139(7) d | β- | 199Hg | 3/2+ | ||
| 199mAu | 548.9368(21) keV | 440(30) µs | (11/2)- | ||||||
| 200Au | 79 | 121 | 199.97073(5) | 48.4(3) min | β- | 200Hg | 1(-) | ||
| 200mAu | 970(70) keV | 18.7(5) h | β- (82%) | 200Hg | 12- | ||||
| IT (18%) | 200Au | ||||||||
| 201Au | 79 | 122 | 200.971657(3) | 26(1) min | β- | 201Hg | 3/2+ | ||
| 202Au | 79 | 123 | 201.97381(18) | 28.8(19) s | β- | 202Hg | (1-) | ||
| 203Au | 79 | 124 | 202.975155(3) | 53(2) s | β- | 203Hg | 3/2+ | ||
| 204Au | 79 | 125 | 203.97772(22)# | 39.8(9) s | β- | 204Hg | (2-) | ||
| 205Au | 79 | 126 | 204.97987(32)# | 31(2) s | β- | 205Hg | 3/2+ | ||
- ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
- ^ Potential material for salted bombs
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 193Ir
[edit] Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
[edit] References
- ^ D. T. Win, M. Al Masum (2003). "Weapons of Mass Destruction". Assumption University Journal of Technology 6 (4): 199–219. http://www.journal.au.edu/au_techno/2003/apr2003/aujt6-4_article07.pdf.
- ^ Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark sun: The making of the hydrogen bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80400-X.
- ^ R. L. Miller (2002). U.S. Atlas of Nuclear Fallout, 1951-1970. 1 (Abridged General Reader ed.). Two Sixty Press. p. 340. ISBN 1881043134. http://books.google.com/?id=EC03ta0ErHAC&pg=PA340&lpg=PA340&dq=sedan+shot+fallout.
- ^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode 2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode 2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/. Retrieved September 2005.
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0849304859.
| Isotopes of platinum | Isotopes of gold | Isotopes of mercury |
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