Gothic art

The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (ca. 1145). These architectural statues are the earliest Gothic sculptures and were a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors.

Later Gothic depiction of the Adoration of the Magi from Strasbourg Cathedral.

Gothic sculpture, late 15th century.

Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that developed in France out of Romanesque art in the mid-12th century, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, but took over art more completely north of the Alps, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, before being subsumed into Renaissance art. Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. The easily recognisable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, are typically used to define the periods in art in all media, although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace.

The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture, on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Christian art was often typological in nature (see Medieval allegory), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.

Secular art came in to its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in trade, the establishment of a money-based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guild—as a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous; some artists were even so bold as to sign their names.

Origins

International Gothic Mary Magdalene in St. John Cathedral in Toruń

Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger. The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting. Monastic orders, especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians, were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe. Regional variations of architecture remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as International Gothic had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas.

Although there was far more secular Gothic art than is often thought today, as generally the survival rate of religious art has been better than for secular equivalents, a large proportion of the art produced in the period was religious, whether commissioned by the church or by the laity. Gothic art was often typological in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that this was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to more human and initimate types, and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy, and Early Netherlandish painting, brought realism and a more natural humanity to art. Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative iconography, and much more originality is seen, although copied formulae were still used by most artists.

Iconography was affected by changes in theology, with depictions of the Assumption of Mary gaining ground on the older Death of the Virgin, and in devotional practices such as the Devotio Moderna, which produced new treatments of Christ in subjects such as the Man of Sorrows, Pensive Christ and Pietà, which emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability, in a parallel movement to that in depictions of the Virgin. Even in Last Judgements Christ was now usually shown exposing his chest to show the wounds of his Passion. Saints were shown more frequently, and altarpieces showed saints relevant to the particular church or donor in attendance on a Crucifixion or enthroned Virgin and Child, or occupying the central space themselves (this usually for works designed for side-chapels). Over the period many ancient iconographical features that originated in New Testament apocrypha were gradually eliminated under clerical pressure, like the midwives at the Nativity, though others were too well-established, and considered harmless.

Etymology

The word "Gothic" for art was initially used as a synonym for "Barbaric", and was therefore used pejoratively. Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art. Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical world and all the values they held dear. In the 15th century, various Italian architects and writers complained that the new 'barbarian' styles filtering down from north of the Alps posed a similar threat to the classical revival promoted by the early Renaissance. The "Gothic" qualifier for this art was first used in Raphael's letter to Pope Leo X c. 1518 and was subsequently popularised by the Italian artist and writer Giorgio Vasari, who used it as early as 1530, calling Gothic art a "monstrous and barbarous" "disorder". Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed by bending trees together - a myth which would resurface much later in a more positive sense in the writings of the German Romantic movement. "Gothic art" was strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère, Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording becoming fixed. Molière would famously comment on Gothic:

The besotted taste of Gothic monuments,
These odious monsters of ignorant centuries,
Which the torrents of barbary spewed forth.

—Molière.

In its beginning, Gothic art was initially called "French work" (Opus Francigenum), thus attesting the priority of France in the creation of this style.

Painting

Simone Martini (1285–1344)

French late Gothic frescos

Painting in a style that can be called Gothic did not appear until about 1200, or nearly 50 years after the origins of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and not at all a clear break, and Gothic ornamental detailing is often introduced before much change is seen in the style of figures or compositions themselves. Then figures become more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space, where there is room. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220 and Italy around 1300. Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: frescos, panel paintings, manuscript illumination and stained glass.

Frescoes

Frescoes continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. An accident of survival has given Denmark and other Nordic countries the largest groups of surviving church wall paintings in the Biblia pauperum style, usually extending up to recently constructed cross vaults. They were almost all covered with limewash after the Reformation which has preserved them. Among the finest examples are those of the Elmelunde Master from the Danish island of Møn who decorated the churches of Fanefjord, Keldby and Elmelunde.

Stained glass

In northern Europe, stained glass was an important and prestigious form of painting until the 15th century, when it became supplanted by panel painting. Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large buildings, partly to allow for wide expanses of glass, as in rose windows. In the early part of the period mainly black paint and clear or brightly coloured glass was used, but in the early 14th century the use of compounds of silver, painted on glass which was then fired, allowed a number of variations of colour, centred on yellows, to be used with clear glass in a single piece. By the end of the period designs increasingly used large pieces of glass which were painted, with yellows as the dominant colours, and relatively few smaller pieces of glass in other colours.

Manuscripts and printmaking

Illuminated manuscripts represent the most complete record of Gothic painting, providing a record of styles in places where no monumental works have otherwise survived. The earliest full manuscripts with French Gothic illustrations date to the middle of the 13th century. Many such illuminated manuscripts were royal bibles, although psalters also included illustrations; the Parisian Psalter of Saint Louis, dating from 1253 to 1270, features 78 full-page illuminations in tempera paint and gold leaf.

A book of hours created by Jean Pucelle of Paris, ca. 1324–1328

During the late 1200s, scribes began to create prayer books for the laity, often known as books of hours due to their use at prescribed times of the day. The earliest known example seems to have written for an unknown laywoman living in a small village near Oxford in about 1240. Nobility frequently purchased such texts, paying handsomely for decorative illustrations; among the most well-known creators of these is Jean Pucelle, whose work was commissioned by King Charles IV as a wedding gift for his bride, Jeanne d'Évreux. Elements of the French Gothic present in such works include the use of decorative page framing reminiscent of the architecture of the time with elongated and detailed figures. The use of spatial indicators such as building elements and natural features such as trees and clouds also denote the French Gothic style of illumination.

From the middle of the 14th century, blockbooks with both text and images cut as woodcut seem to have been affordable by parish priests in the Low Countries, where they were most popular. By the end of the century, printed books with illustrations, still mostly on religious subjects, were rapidly becoming accessible to the prosperous middle class, as were engravings of fairly high-quality by printmakers like Israhel van Meckenem and Master E. S.. In the 15th century, the introduction of cheap prints, mostly in woodcut, made it possible even for peasants to have devotional images at home. These images, tiny at the bottom of the market, often crudely coloured, were sold in thousands but are now extremely rare, most having been pasted to walls.

Altarpiece and panel painting

Painting with oil on canvas did not become popular until the 15th and 16th centuries and was a hallmark of Renaissance art. In Northern Europe the important and innovative school of Early Netherlandish painting is in an essentially Gothic style, but can also be regarded as part of the Northern Renaissance, as there was a long delay before the Italian revival of interest in classicism had a great impact in the north. Painters like Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck, made use of the technique of oil painting to create minutely detailed works, correct in perspective, where apparent realism was combined with richly complex symbolism arising precisely from the realistic detail they could now include, even in small works. In Early Netherlandish painting, from the richest cities of Northern Europe, a new minute realism in oil painting was combined with subtle and complex theological allusions, expressed precisely through the highly detailed settings of religious scenes. The Mérode Altarpiece (1420s) of Robert Campin, and the Washington Van Eyck Annunciation or Madonna of Chancellor Rolin (both 1430s, by Jan van Eyck) are examples. For the wealthy, small panel paintings, even polyptychs in oil painting were becoming increasingly popular, often showing donor portraits alongside, though often much smaller than, the Virgin or saints depicted. These were usually displayed in the home.

Sculpture

Monumental sculpture

French ideas spread. In Germany, from 1225 at the Cathedral in Bamberg onward, the impact can be found everywhere. The Bamberg Cathedral had the largest assemblage of 13th century sculpture, culminating in 1240 with the Bamberg Rider, the first life-size equestrian statue in Western art since the 6th century. In Italy there was still a Classical influence, but Gothic made inroads in the sculptures of pulpits such as the Pisa Baptistery pulpit (1269) and the Siena pulpit. A late masterwork of Italian Gothic sculptures is the series of Scaliger Tombs in Verona (early-late 14th century).

In northern Europe the Dutch-Burgundian sculptor Claus Sluter and others introduced naturalism and a degree of classicism at the beginning of the 15th century which continued to develop throughout the century so that when the change to a classicistic Renaissance style eventually arrived it was mainly marked by a change in architectural backgrounds and costumes, and some reduction in the complexity of compositions.

Portable sculpture

Gothic sculptures independent of architectural ornament were primarily created as devotional objects for the home or intended as donations for local churches., although small reliefs in ivory, bone and wood cover both religious and secular subjects, and were for church and domestic use. Such sculptures were the work of urban artisans, and the most typical subject for three dimensional small staues is the Virgin Mary alone or with child. An exemplar of these independent sculptures is among the collections of the Abbey Church of St Denis; the silver-gilt Virgin and Child dates to 1339 and features Mary enveloped in a flowing cloak holding an infantile Christ figure. Both the simplicity of the cloak and the youth of the child presage other sculptures found in northern Europe dating to the 1300s and early 1400s. Such sculpture shows an evolution from an earlier stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century. Other French Gothic sculptural subjects included figures and scenes from popular literature of the time. Imagery from the poetry of the troubadours was particularly popular among artisans of mirror-cases and small boxes presumably for use by women.

Souvenirs of pilgrimages to shrines, such as clay or lead badges, medals and ampullae stamped with images were also popular and cheap. Their secular equivalent, the livery badge, were signs of feudal and political loyalty or alliance that came to be regarded as a social menace in England under bastard feudalism. The cheaper forms were sometimes given away free, as with the 13,000 badges ordered in 1483 by King Richard III of England in fustian cloth with his emblem of a white boar for the investiture of his son Edward as Prince of Wales, a huge number given the population at the time.

Gallery

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  Angel of the Annunciation on the Church of Saint-Florent in Niederhaslach, 1310

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  Depiction of the Trinity on the portal of the Basilica of St.-Denis, Paris, France

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  Adam, Eve, and the (female) serpent at the entrance to Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France

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  Bust of Cicero by Jörg Syrlin the Elder (ca. 1470) on the choir stalls in the Ulmer Münster

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  Man of Sorrows on the main portal of the Ulmer Münster by Hans Multscher (1429)

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  Detail of the Garden of Gethsemane from the Ulmer Münster

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  Moses on the baptismal font by the sculptor Christoph von Urach, Church of Saint Amandus, Bad Urach, 1518

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  Three Maries by the painter Nicolaus Haberschrack, National Museum in Krakow, Krakow, 1470

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  Frescoes in the church in Škofja Loka 15th century (Slovenia)

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  Ceiling in the Cathedral in Celje 14th century (Slovenia)

Gothic artists

Significant Gothic artists, listed chronologically.

• Mastro Guglielmo 12th Century Italian Sculptor
• Maestro Esiguo 13th Century
• Master of the Franciscan Crucifixes 13th Century Italian
• Benedetto Antelami 1178–1196 Italian Sculptor
• Bonaventura Berlinghieri 1215–1242 Italian Painter
• Nicola Pisano 1220–1284 Italian Sculptor
• Fra Guglielmo 1235–1310 Italian Sculptor
• Guido Bigarelli 1238–1257 Italian Sculptor
• Giovanni Pisano 1250–1314 Italian Sculptor
• Duccio di Buoninsegna 1255–1318 Italian Painter
• Lorenzo Maitani 1255–1330 Italian Sculptor/Architect
• Arnolfo di Cambio 1264–1302 Italian Sculptor
• Master of San Francesco Bardi 14th Century Italian Painter
• Master of San Jacopo a Mucciana 14th Century Italian
• Simone Martini 1285–1344 Italian Painter
• Tino da Camaino 1285–1337 Italian Sculptor
• Evrard d'Orleans 1292–1357 French Sculptor
• Andrea Pisano 1295–1348 Italian Sculptor
• Jacopo del Casentino 1297–1358 Italian Painter
• Segna di Buonaventure 1298–1331 Italian Painter
• Giovanni da Balduccio 1300–1360 Italian Sculptor
• Jean Pucelle 1300–1355 French Manuscript Illuminator
• Goro di Gregorio 1300–1334 Italian Sculptor
• Gano di Fazio 1302–1318 Italian Sculptor
• Vitale da Bologna 1309–1360 Italian Painter
• Agostino di Giovanni 1310–1347 Italian Sculptor
• Allegretto Nuzi 1315–1373 Italian Painter
• Giottino 1320–1369 Italian Painter
• Giusto de Menabuoi 1320–1397 Italian Painter
• Puccio Capanna 1325–1350 Italian Painter
• Theodoric of Prague  ?-1381 Bohemian Painter
• Altichiero 1330–1384 Italian Painter
• Bartolo di Fredi 1330–1410 Italian Painter
• Peter Parler 1330–1399 German Sculptor
• André Beauneveu 1335–1400 Netherlandish Painter/Sculptor
• Master of the Dominican Effigies 1336–1345 Italian Painter
• Niccolo di Pietro Gerini ca. 1340–1414 Italian Painter
• Guariento di Arpo 1338–1377 Italian Painter
• Jacobello Dalle Masegne Died 1409 Italian Sculptor
• Giovanni da Campione 1340–1360 Italian Sculptor
• Master of the Rebel Angels 1340-1345 Italian Painter
• Andrea da Firenze 1343–1377 Italian Painter
• Nino Pisano 1343–1368 Italian Painter/Sculptor
• Puccio di Simone 1345–1365 Italian Painter
• Nicolo da Bologna 1348–1399 Italian
• Bonino da Campione 1350–1390 Italian Sculptor
• Lluís Borrassà 1350–1424 Spanish Painter
• Jacquemart de Hesdin 1350–1410 French Miniaturist
• Giovanni da Milano 1350–1369 Italian Painter
• Master of the Rinuccini Chapel 1350–1375 Italian
• Claus Sluter 1350–1406 Flemish Sculptor
• Giovanni Bon 1355–1443 Italian Sculptor/Architect
• Melchior Broederlam 1355–1411 Netherlandish Painter
• Giovanni del Biondo 1356–1399 Italian Painter
• Gherardo Starnina 1360–1413 Italian Painter
• Jean de Liege 1361–1382 Flemish Sculptor
• Taddeo di Bartolo 1362–1422 Italian Painter
• Jean Malouel 1365–1415 Netherlandish Painter
• Gentile da Fabriano 1370–1427 Italian Painter
• Lorenzo Monaco 1370–1425 Italian Painter
• Stefano da Verona 1375–1438 Italian Painter
• Master of Saint Veronica 1395–1420 German Painter
• Fra Angelico 1395–1455 Italian Painter
• Jacopo Bellini 1400–1470 Italian Painter
• Hermann Jean and Paul Limbourg 1400 Netherlandish Manuscript Illuminator
• Master of the Berswordt Altar 1400 German Painter
• Henri Bellechose 1415–1440 Flemish Painter
• Bernt Notke ca. 1435–1508 German Sculptor and Painter
• Jan Polack Polish-German Painter
• Nicolaus Haberschrack Polish Painter
• Jan Goraj Polish Painter
• Veit Stoss ca.1450-1533 German Sculptor

See also

• Renaissance of the 12th century
• International Gothic
• Blackletter (also known as Gothic script)
• The Ten Virgins
• Danse Macabre
• History of Painting
• Western painting
• Church frescos in Denmark
• Timeline of Italian artists to 1800

References

• Cherry, John, in Marks, Richard and Williamson, Paul, eds. Gothic: Art for England 1400-1547, 2003, V&A Publications, London, ISBN 1851774017

External links

• Gothic Art and Architecture
• Gothic art, from ArtCyclopedia.com
• Gothic art, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
• Gothic art (Archived 2009-10-31), from Microsoft Encarta.
• Gothic art, from The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.
• Gothic art, Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
• Gothic art, from "A World History of Art" and [7].
• "Gothic Art for England 1400–1547". Victoria and Albert Museum. http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1220_gothic/. Retrieved 2007-06-08.