Gough Island

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"Diego Alvarez" redirects here. For the Colombian football player, see Diego Álvarez.
Gough is located in Atlantic Ocean
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Gough
Location of Gough Island in the Atlantic Ocean
Gough and Inaccessible Islands *
Gough island top view.png
Tristan Map.png
Country United Kingdom
Type Natural
Criteria vii, x
Reference 740
Region ** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1995 (19th Session)
Extensions 2004
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO

Gough Island (/ˈɡɒf/, rhymes with cough), also known historically as Gonçalo Álvares or mistakenly as Diego Alvarez, is a volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha and part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It is uninhabited except for the personnel of a weather station (usually six people) which the South African National Antarctic Programme has maintained continually on the island since 1956. It is one of the most remote places with a constant human presence.

Contents

[edit] Geography and geology

Gough Island rises to heights of over 900 m (2,953 ft) above sea level. Its area is 35 square miles (91 km2) according to the South African Antarctic Programme.[1] It is located at 40°19′05″S 9°56′07″W / 40.3181°S 9.9353°W / -40.3181; -9.9353Coordinates: 40°19′05″S 9°56′07″W / 40.3181°S 9.9353°W / -40.3181; -9.9353. Topographic features include the highest Peak, Edinburgh Peak, Hags Tooth, Mount Rowett, Sea Elephant Bay, Quest Bay, and Hawkins Bay.

It includes small satellite islands and rocks such as Southwest Island, Saddle Island (South), Tristiana Rock, Isolda Rock (West), Round Island, Cone Island, Lot's Wife, Church Rock (North), Penguin Island (Northeast), and The Admirals (East). It is a remote and lonely place, about 400 kilometres (250 mi) southeast of the other islands in the Tristan da Cunha group, 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) from Cape Town, and over 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from the nearest point of South America.

[edit] Climate

Climate data for Gough Island, South Africa
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 20
(68)		 18
(64)		 17
(63)		 17
(63)		 16
(61)		 17
(63)		 18
(64)		 20
(68)		 22
(72)		 19.5
(67.1)
Average low °C (°F) 7
(45)		 8
(46)		 7
(45)		 6
(43)		 4
(39)		 3
(37)		 2
(36)		 1
(34)		 2
(36)		 3
(37)		 5
(41)		 6
(43)		 4.5
(40.1)
Precipitation mm (inches) 210
(8.27)		 183
(7.2)		 254
(10)		 276
(10.87)		 286
(11.26)		 310
(12.2)		 273
(10.75)		 304
(11.97)		 270
(10.63)		 249
(9.8)		 213
(8.39)		 241
(9.49)		 3,069
(120.83)
Avg. precipitation days 16 13 18 19 21 22 23 21 20 18 16 18 225
Sunshine hours 184 149 123 96 84 60 72 88 102 129 161 183 1,431
Source: The Weather Network [2]

[edit] History

The details of the discovery of Gough Island are unclear, but the most likely occasion is July 1505 by the Portuguese explorer Gonçalo Álvares.[3] Maps during the next three centuries named the island for him. On some later maps, this was erroneously given as Diego Alvarez.

According to some historians, the English merchant Anthony de la Roché was the first to land on the island, in Spring 1675.[4]

Charles Gough rediscovered the island in March 1731[5], thinking it was a new find. It has since been named for him.

It was named Gonçalo Alvarez, after the captain of Vasco da Gama's flagship on his epic voyage to the east, and under this name it was marked with reasonable accuracy on the charts of the South Atlantic during the following 250 years. Then, in 1731, Captain Gough of the British ship Richmond reported the discovery of a new island, which he placed 400 miles to the east of Goncalo Alvarez. Fifty years later cartographers realized that the two islands were the same and despite the priority of the Portuguese discovery, and the greater accuracy of the position given by them, "Gough's Island" was the name adopted. [6]

In the early 19th Century, sealers sometimes briefly inhabited the island. The earliest know example is a sealing gang from the US ship Amethyst which remained on the island in 1806-1807.[7]

Gough Island was claimed only in 1938, for Britain, during a visit by HMS Milford of the Royal Navy.[8]

[edit] Wildlife

Gough and Inaccessible Island are a protected wildlife reserve, which has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It has been described as one of the least disrupted ecosystems of its kind and one of the best shelters for nesting seabirds in the Atlantic. In particular, it is host to almost the entire world population of the Tristan Albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) and the Atlantic Petrel (Pterodroma incerta).[9] However, this status is now in doubt as in April 2007 researchers published evidence that predation by introduced house mice on seabird chicks is occurring at levels that might drive the Tristan Albatross and the Atlantic Petrel to extinction.[10] The island is also home to the almost flightless Gough Island Moorhen,[11] and the critically endangered Gough Bunting.

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has since been awarded £62,000 by the UK government's Overseas Territories Environment Programme to fund additional research on the Gough Island mice and a feasibility study of how best to deal with them. The grant will also pay for the assessment of a rat problem on Tristan da Cunha island.

[edit] Weather station

The weather station on Gough Island is operated as part of the network of the South African Weather Service. Because cold fronts approach South Africa from the south-west, the Gough station is particularly important in forecasting winter weather.

The Gough Island teams consist of:

[edit] Maps

  • Relief map

  • Orthographic projection

  • Satellite map

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.sanap.ac.za/sanap_gough/sanap_gough.html
  2. ^ "Climate Statistics for Gough Island, South Africa". February 20, 1998. http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/c01871. 
  3. ^ http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532008000500005&script=sci_arttext
  4. ^ Wace N.M. (1969). "The discovery, exploitation and settlement of the Tristan da Cunha Islands". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch) 10: 11–40. 
  5. ^ http://books.google.nl/books?id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl#v=onepage&q=gough&f=false
  6. ^ Heaney, J.B., Holdgate, M.W. (1957). The Gough Island Scientific Survey.The Geographical Journal, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 20-31
  7. ^ http://books.google.nl/books?id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl#v=onepage&q=gough&f=false
  8. ^ http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/gough_island/gough_island.html
  9. ^ Cuthbert, J. & Sommer, E. Population size and trends of four globally threatened seabirds at Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ornithology 32: 97–103.
  10. ^ R M Wanless, A Angel, R J Cuthbert, G M Hilton and P G Ryan (2007). "Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions?". Biology letters 3 (3): 241–244. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0120. PMC 2464706. PMID 17412667. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2464706. 
  11. ^ Roots, Clive (2006). Flightless birds. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 60. ISBN 0313335451. http://books.google.com/?id=Sb1IJYzXZhUC&pg=RA1-PA60&lpg=RA1-PA60&dq=%22george+Comer%22+antartica. Retrieved 2008-03-31. 

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