Antral follicle
An antral follicle (or Graafian follicle) is an ovarian follicle during a certain latter stage of folliculogenesis.
Definitions differ in where the shift into an antral follicle occurs in the staging of folliculogenesis, with some stating that it occurs when entering the secondary stage,[1] and others stating that it occurs when entering the tertiary stage.[2]
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[edit] Appearance
It is marked by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity adjacent to the oocyte called the antrum. The basic structure of the mature follicle has formed and no novel cells are detectable. Granulosa and theca cells continue to undergo mitosis concomitant with an increase in antrum volume. Antral follicles can attain a tremendous size that is hampered only by the availability of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which it is dependent on in this stage of folliculogenesis.
By command of an oocyte-secreted morphogenic gradient, the antral follicle's granulosa cells begin to differentiate themselves into four distinct subtypes: corona radiata that surrounds the zona pellucida, membrana that's interior to the basal lamina, periantral that's adjacent to the antrum, and cumulus oophorous that connects the membrana and corona radiata granulosa cells together. Each type of cell behaves differently in response to FSH.
[edit] Endocrine properties
Theca cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH). LH kicks off the production of androgens by the theca cells, most notably androstendione, which are aromatized by granulosa cells to produce estrogens, primarily estradiol. Consequently, estrogen levels begin to rise.
[edit] Antral follicle count
The antral follicle count (AFC) is the number of antral follicles, generally in both ovaries taken together if not else specified. It can be determined by transvaginal ultrasonography.
A low AFC is a major factor in the diagnosis of poor ovarian reserve, that is, low fertility characterized by low numbers of remaining oocytes in the ovaries, usually accompanied by high follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Several studies show that an AFC test is more accurate than basal FSH testing for older women (< 44 years of age) in predicting IVF outcome.[3] This method of determining ovarian reserve is recommended by Dr. Sherman J. Silber, author and medical director of the Infertility Center of St. Louis.[4]
It is also a major determinant of the success of ovarian hyperstimulation.
[edit] References
- ^ Page 769, section "formation of the antrum" in: Sherwood, Lauralee. (2010). Human physiology : from cells to system. Australia ; United States: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 9780495391845.
- ^ Page 76 in: Vandenhurk, R.; Bevers, M.; Beckers, J. (1997). "In-vivo and in-vitro development of preantral follicles". Theriogenology 47: 73–82. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(96)00341-X.
- ^ Klinkert, Ellen R, et al.,2005. "The antral follicle count is a better marker than basal follicle-stimulating hormone for the selection of older patients with acceptable pregnancy prospects after in vitro fertilization." Fertility and Sterility, 83(3), 811-814.
- ^ Silber, Sherman J., 2005. How to Get Pregnant. Little Brown and Company, New York. ISBN 0-316-06650-8.
