Grape seed oil
| Grape Seed Oil | |
 Bottles of Grape seed oil |
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Fat composition
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|---|---|
| Saturated fats | Palmitic: 7% Stearic: 4% |
| Unsaturated fats | 88%-90% |
| Monounsaturated fats | Oleic acid: 16-17% |
| Palmitoleic acid | <1% |
| Oleic acid | 16% |
| Polyunsaturated fats | 72-73% |
| Omega-3 fatty acids | α-Linolenic: <1% |
| Omega-6 fatty acids | Linoleic: 72% |
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Properties
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| Food energy per 100g | 3,700 kJ (880 kcal) |
| Smoke point | 216 °C (421 °F) |
| Iodine value | 124-143 |
| Saponification value | 126 (NaOH) 180-196 (KOH) |
| Unsaponifiable | 0.3% - 1.6% |
Not to be confused with Rapeseed oil.
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Grape seed oil (also called grapeseed oil or grape oil) is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of various varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes, an abundant by-product of winemaking.
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[edit] Uses
[edit] Cooking
Grape seed oil has a moderately high smoke point of approximately 216 °C (421 °F). As a result, it is more ideal than several other cooking oils for high temperature cooking and can be safely used to cook at moderate temperatures during stir-frying, sautéing or deep-frying. Due to its clean, light taste, and high polyunsaturated fat content, it is also used as an ingredient in salad dressings and mayonnaise and as a base for oil infusions of garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices.
The metabolic energy density of grape seed oil is typical of vegetable oils: approximately 3,700 kJ (880 kcal) per 100 g, or 500 kJ (120 kcal) per 15 ml tablespoon.
[edit] Cosmetics
Grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for control of skin moisturization. Light and thin, grape seed oil leaves a glossy film over the skin when used as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy. It contains more linoleic acid than many other carrier oils. Grape seed oil is also used as a lubricant for shaving.
[edit] Potential medicinal benefits
Although grape seeds contain antioxidants and other biologically active compounds,[1] the cold-pressed grape seed oil contains negligible amounts due to their insolubility in lipids.[2] For instance, sufficiently high amounts of resveratrol occur in grape seed for it to be extracted commercially,[3] yet it is almost entirely absent in the grape seed oil.
There may be health benefits from the oil itself. A 1993 study supports the claim that grape seed oil increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C or "good cholesterol") levels and reduces LDL levels.[4] Grape seed oil inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cell line and reduces triglyceride storage in them. Moreover, it decreases the expression of adipogenic gene expression.[5]
[edit] Composition
The following table lists a typical fatty acid composition of grape seed oil:[6]
| Acid | Type | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Linoleic acid | ω−6 unsaturated | 72% |
| Oleic acid | ω−9 unsaturated | 16% |
| Palmitic acid (Hexadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 7% |
| Stearic acid (Octadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 4% |
| Alpha-linolenic acid | ω−3 unsaturated | less than 1% |
| Palmitoleic acid (9-Hexadecenoic acid) |
ω−7 unsaturated | less than 1% |
Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol).[7] Grapeseed oil contains small amounts of vitamin E, but not as much as safflower oil, cottonseed oil or rice bran oil.[8]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Joshi, SS; Kuszynski C. A., Bagchi D. (2001). "The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract". Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2 (2): 187–200. doi:10.2174/1389201013378725. PMID 11480422.
- ^ Nakamura, Y; Tsuji S; Tonogai Y (2003). "Analysis of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts, health foods and grape seed oils". Journal of Health Science 49 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.45.
- ^ Yilmaz, Y; Toledo, RT (February 2006). "Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of grape/wine industry byproducts and effect of solvent type on extraction of grape seed polyphenols". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2004.10.009.
- ^ Nash, DT (2004). "Cardiovascular risk beyond LDL-C levels: Other lipids are performers in cholesterol story". Postgraduate Medicine 116 (3): 11–5. PMID 15460086.
- ^ Haze, S; Sakai, K, Gozu, Y, Moriyama, M (2010 Jul). "Grapefruit oil attenuates adipogenesis in cultured subcutaneous adipocytes.". Planta medica 76 (10): 950–5. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1240870. PMID 20143292.
- ^ Kamel, B. S.; Dawson H., Kakuda Y. (1985). "Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 62 (5): 881–883. doi:10.1007/BF02541750.
- ^ Oomah, B. D.; Liang J., Godfrey D., Mazza G. (1998). "Microwave Heating of Grapeseed: Effect on Oil Quality". J. Agric. Food Chem., 46 (10): 4017–4021. doi:10.1021/jf980412f.
- ^ Herting, D. C.; Drury, E. J. E. (1963). "Vitamin E Content of Vegetable Oils and Fats". J. Nutr. 81: 4017–4021. PMID 14100992.
