Gunboat War

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The Gunboat War
Part of the English Wars and the Napoleonic Wars
Gunboat battle near Alvøen Norway.jpg
Battle between the frigate HMS Tartar and Danish gunboats
at Alvøen near Bergen in 1808
Date 1807–1814
Location Danish-Norwegian waters
Result Decisive British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom United Kingdom Denmark Denmark-Norway
Gunboat War
English Wars of 1801–1814

The Gunboat War (1807–1814) was the naval conflict between Denmark–Norway and the British Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the conventional Royal Navy. In Scandinavia it is seen as the later stage of the English Wars, whose commencement is accounted as the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801.

Contents

[edit] Boat design and background to conflict

These boats were originally designed by a Swede, Fredrik Henrik af Chapman. The strategic advantage of gunboats lay in the fact that they could be produced rapidly and inexpensively throughout the kingdom. The tactical advantages were that they were highly manoeuvrable, especially in still and shallow waters and presented small targets. On the other hand, the boats were vulnerable, likely to sink from a single hit, they could not be used in rough seas, and they were less effective against large warships. Still, the Danish-Norwegian government produced more than 200 in two models: the shallop gunboat had a crew of 76 men, with an 18- or 24-pounder cannon in the bow and another in the stern. The smaller barge type had a total crew of 24, armed with a single 24-pounder.

Danish shallop gunboat

While the Danes did not employ gunboat tactics until 1807, the naval conflict between Britain and Denmark commenced with the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 when Horatio Nelson's squadron of Admiral Parker's fleet attacked the Danish capital. Early in the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway set on a policy of armed neutrality, using its naval forces to protect trade flowing within, into and out of Dano-Norwegian waters. In the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807, the British seized a large part of the Danish fleet, so the Dano-Norwegian government decided to build gunboats in large numbers.

The Danish Commander (and later Admiral) Steen Andersen Bille (1751 - 1833) is credited as the driving force behind the organisation of the gunboat form of warfare from 1807.

[edit] War

In the first three years of the Gunboat War, these boats were on several occasions able to capture cargo ships from the convoys and to defeat British naval brigs, though they were not strong enough to overcome larger frigates and ships of the line. The British had control of Danish waters during the whole of the 1807–1814 war, and when the season was suited to navigation they were regularly able to escort large merchant convoys out through the Sound and the Great Belt. Although the discussion below focuses on armed encounters involving an exchange of fire, one must keep in mind that the British also captured numerous Danish privateers without firing a shot, and conducted an economic war, regularly seizing merchant vessels as prizes. Further economic damage was done by raids on the smaller islands,[1][2] many populated but undefended. British warships landed to replenish firewood and water supplies, and forcibly to buy, commandeer or simply take livestock to augment their provisions.

[edit] 1807

On 15 May the British frigate HMS Tartar approached Bergen under Dutch colours to attack the Dutch frigate Guelderland, which had been undergoing repairs there. Unfortunately the Guelderland had already sailed, so during the night the British sent in boats in an attempt to attack other shipping in the harbour. When the boats came under heavy fire, Tartar came in to cover them, only to come under attack by the schooner Odin and five gunboats. Tartar's captain and another seaman were killed and twelve men were wounded before Tartar was able to make her escape.

Main article: Battle of Alvøen

On 12 August HMS Comus took part in a notable, illegal and ultimately one-sided single-ship action when she captured the 32-gun Danish frigate Frederiksværn even though war had not yet been declared. In the engagement the British suffered only one man wounded; the Danes lost 12 men killed and 20 wounded, some mortally.[3] The Royal Navy took Frederiksværn into service as HMS Frederickscoarn.[4]

HMS Prometheus fired Congreve rockets from her decks against a Danish gunboat flotilla on 23 August. The attack had little effect.[5]

On 11 September HMS Carrier brought to the British Admiralty the despatches from Admiral Thomas McNamara Russell announcing the capitulation of the small island of Heligoland to the British.[6] Heligoland became a centre for smuggling and for espionage against Napoleon.

[edit] 1808

In the East Indies, troops from the 14th Regiment of Foot landed from HMS Russell on the Coromandel Coast on 13 February and took over the Danish possessions at Tranquebar.

On 22 March the British ships of the line HMS Nassau and HMS Stately destroyed the last Danish ship of the line, HDMS Prins Christian Frederik, commanded by Captain C.W. Jessen, in a battle at Zealand Point. Nassau was herself a former Danish vessel.

Main article: Battle of Zealand Point

On 24 May the hired armed cutter Swan found herself in action off the island of Bornholm with a Danish 8-gun cutter-rigged vessel, which exploded during the engagement.[7] Swan had been carrying despatches when she had spotted the Danish vessel and lured her out. Swan suffered no casualties despite coming under fire both from the Danish vessel and the batteries on Bornholm.[7] The fire from the batteries and the sighting of more Danish vessels forced Swan to withdraw without being able to make efforts to rescue survivors.[7]

On 4 June four Danish gunboats attacked HMS Tickler and captured her after a four-hour fight. Tickler had lost her captain and 14 other men killed, and 22 other officers and men killed and wounded out of her crew of 50 men; the Danes had one man wounded.[8] Tickler would later be used by the Danes as a cadet training ship.[9]

On 19 June, the brig HMS Seagull pursued and caught up with the Danish brig Lougen, which was armed with eighteen short 18-pounder guns and two long 6-pounder guns.[10] About 20 minutes into the engagement six Danish gunboats arrived from behind some rocks and in two divisions of three each took up positions on Seagull's quarter and fired on her with their 24-pounder guns while Lougen fired on her larboard bow. Within half an hour the Danish fire had badly damaged Seagull's rigging and dismounted five of her guns. Eventually Seagull struck, having lost eight men killed and 20 wounded, including her captain, R.B. Cathcart. Seagull sank soon after the Danes captured her, with several of her captors aboard.[10] The Danes later recovered her and added her to their navy.

On 2 August, sixteen Danish gunboats captured HMS Tigress off Langeland in the Great Belt. In the engagement Tigress lost two men killed and eight wounded.[11][12]

Immobilized by a dead calm, HMS Africa, under Captain John Barrett, barely survived an attack by 25 Danish gunboats and seven armed launches under the command of Commodore J.C. Krieger in an action in the Øresund on 20 October 1808.[13][14] Africa lost nine men killed and 51 wounded; had night not descended the Danes might well have captured her.[15]

Early in the Gunboat War the Danes closed the lighthouse on the island of Anholt, in the Kattegat. On 5 December the bomb vessel HMS Proselyte was wrecked on Anholt Reef while caught in the ice; all her crew was saved.[16] The Admiralty had ordered her to station herself off the island on 9 November to carry a light for the safety of passing convoys.

[edit] 1809

On 18 May the 74-gun third rate Standard, under Captain Askew Paffard Hollis, and the 18-pounder 36-gun frigate HMS Owen Glendower captured Anholt. A party of seamen and marines under the command of Captain William Selby of Owen Glendower, with the assistance of Captain Edward Nicolls of the Standard's marines, landed. The Danish garrison of 170 men put up a sharp but ineffectual resistance that killed one British marine and wounded two; the garrison then surrendered. The British took immediate possession of the island. The principal objective of the mission was to restore the lighthouse on Anholt to its pre-war state to facilitate the movement of British men of war and merchantmen navigating the dangerous seas there.[17]

Danish gunboats seizing HMS Turbulent, 9 June 1808.

On 9 June a Danish and Norwegian flotilla of twenty-one gunboats and seven mortar boats attacked a British convoy of 70 merchant ships off the island of Saltholm in Øresund Strait near Copenhagen. The Dano-Norwegian flotilla was able to capture 12 or 13 merchant vessels, plus HMS Turbulent, one of the escorts.

Main article: Battle of Saltholm

On 10 August, HMS Allart, a former Danish Navy brig, chased Lougen and Seagull into Fredriksvern only to find herself pursued by 15 Danish gunboats, arrayed in three divisions. After a three-hour chase the gunboats closed with Allart and an engagement began. After two hours Allart struck, having had her rigging shot away and having lost one man killed and three wounded.[18]

On 12 August, Commander John Willoughby Marshall and HMS Lynx were in the company of the gun-brig HMS Monkey , Lieutenant Thomas Fitzgerald,when they discovered three Danish luggers off the Danish coast.[19] The water was too shallow for Lynx, so Marshall sent Monkey and boats from Lynx in to cut them out. The largest of the luggers, which had four guns and four howitzers, opened fire on Monkey before all three luggers ran ashore once Monkey and the launch's 18-pounder carronade returned fire. The British refloated the luggers and brought them out the next day, having taken no casualties. In their haste to quit the vessel, the Danes failed to fire the fuse on a cask of gunpowder they had left by the fireplace on the largest lugger.[20] Marshall thought the Danes' behaviour in leaving the explosive device disgraceful.[19]

On 2 September a Danish gunboat flotilla from Fladstrand, North Jutland, and under the command of Lieutenant Nicolai H. Tuxen, captured the gun-brig HMS Minx. The engagement cost Minx two dead and nine wounded.[21] The British Royal Navy had stationed her off the Skaw Reef to show a warning light. HMS Sheldrake reported the loss to the Admiralty.[22]

[edit] 1810

On 13 April, four Danish gunboats, under the command of First Lieutenant Peter Nicolay Skibsted, captured a British gunboat, the Grinder, off the Djursland peninsula near Grenå.[9] She was armed with one 24-pounder gun and one 24-pounder carronade. She was under the command of Master's Mate Thomas Hester and had over-wintered at Anholt. Of her crew of 34 men, two were killed and two wounded in the action.

Early in 1810 the Danes ceased sending provisioning ships to Norway because of British naval activity in Øresund and withdrew the naval officers that were so involved to Zealand. Meanwhile there were difficulties in transporting grain from the Vordingborg, in the south of Denmark, past Møn to Copenhagen. This was overcome by using gunboats to convoy the merchant vessels, as the gunboats were much more maneuverable in the shallow coastal waters, and restricting the cargo vessels to those which could pass inside of Møn. Larger seagoing ships which would have to go outside, i.e. east of Møn, were too liable to be caught by the British. These actions, together with a good form of coastal signalling, resulted in a steady supply of grain to the Danish capital.[23]

On 23 May, seven Danish gunboats engaged the Cruizer-class brig-sloop Raleigh, Alban and His Majesty's hired armed cutter Princess of Wales, off the Skaw. The engagement cost the Danes the loss of one gunboat, which blew up, and heavy damage to the rest.

The Battle of Silda was fought on 23 July 1810 near the Norwegian island of Silda. The British frigates HMS Belvidera and HMS Nemesis attacked the pilot's station on the island and defeated the three gun schooners Odin, Tor and Balder and the gun barge Cort Adeler, which were stationed there.

Main article: Battle of Silda

On 12 September 1810, six Danish gunboats captured a becalmed Alban after a four-hour battle during which she lost her captain and one man killed and three men wounded. The Danes then took her into service as The Alban.

[edit] 1811

On 27 February 1811, Danish gunboats, manned by nearly 1,000 men including infantry forces, attempted to recapture Anholt, but had to withdraw to Jutland with heavy losses.

Main article: Battle of Anholt

On 23 April Swan encountered three Danish gunboats in The Sleeve (Sunningesund).[24] A shot from one of the gunboats damaged Swan and resulted in the wetting of her powder magazine, forcing her surrender.[24] The Danes boarded her but were able to retrieve little before Swan sank off Uddevalla, on the Swedish coast north of Gothenburg.[24] The fight cost Swan two men killed.[24] The same battle apparently also resulted in the damaging of the hired armed cutter Hero.[25][Note 1]

On 11 May, Rifleman recaptured Alban from the Danes. The capture occurred after a 12-hour chase near the Shetlands. At the time of her capture Alban was armed with 12 guns and had a crew of 58 men, all under the command of a lieutenant of the Danish navy. She was three days out of Fahrsund in Norway and had taken no prizes.[26]

On 31 July 1811, HMS Brev Drageren and Algerine were cruising together in Long Sound, Norway, when they encountered and engaged three Danish brigs: the 20-gun Langeland, the 18-gun Lügum, and the 16-gun Kiel. Outnumbered and outgunned, the British vessels took flight.[27] The next day Brev Drageren unsuccessfully re-engaged first one and then two of the brigs. In the inconclusive engagement each British vessel sustained one man killed, and Brev Drageren also had three wounded.[27]

On 17 August HMS Manly sailed from Sheerness with a convoy for the Baltic. On 2 September, while she was cruising off Arendal on the Norwegian coast in the company of Chanticleer, three Danish 18-gun-brigs (Alsen, Lolland, and Samsø) engaged them.[28] Lolland engaged Manly while the other two chased Chanticleer but she maintained a course away from the action and made good her escape.[29] In the engagement with Lolland, Manly had her spars and rigging cut to pieces. With only six guns left, and having lost one man killed and three wounded, Manly was forced to strike.[30]

[edit] 1812

The last major fight between Danish and British warships took place on 6 July 1812, when a small squadron of British warships met a small squadron of Danish warships at Lyngør on the Norwegian coast. The British withdrew after destroying the Danish frigate Najaden.

Main article: Battle of Lyngør

On 2 August the boats of HMS Horatio, which was under the command of Captain Lord George Stuart, captured two Danish vessels, under the command of Lieutenant Hans Buderhof, and their prize, an American vessel of about 400 tons burthen (bm). The two Danish vessels were schooner No. 114 (of six 6-pounders and 30 men), and cutter No. 97 (of four 6-pounders and 22 men). In the action the British lost nine men killed and 16 wounded, of whom two died of their wounds; the Danes lost ten men killed and 13 wounded.[31]

[edit] 1814

The Treaty of Kiel ended the war on January 15, 1814. Denmark-Norway had to cede Heligoland to Britain and all of Norway to the king of Sweden. Denmark did get back the island of Anholt.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Gossett has Hero being sunk, but does not report any court date. Other reports have Hero damaged, but continuing to serve until November 1811.

[edit] References

Citations
  1. ^ In Danish: Steffen Hahnemann og Mette Roepstorff: Endelave og den Engelske Fregat 1994
  2. ^ In Danish: Samsøs Historie samt Tunøs Historie” by J P Nielsen in 1946
  3. ^ London Gazette: no. 16062. p. 1157. 5 September 1807.
  4. ^ Winfield (2008), p.215.
  5. ^ Munch-Petersen, p.201.
  6. ^ London Gazette: no. 16064. p. 1192. 12 September 1807.
  7. ^ a b c James (1837), Vol 5, pp.33-4.
  8. ^ Brett (1871), p.258.
  9. ^ a b Wandell (1915), p.260.
  10. ^ a b London Gazette: no. 16184. pp. 1284–1285. 17 September 1808.
  11. ^ The United service magazine, Volume 1849, Issue 2, p.419.
  12. ^ Hepper (1994), p.124.
  13. ^ Royal Navy.org Events of 1808
  14. ^ AFRICA in Not - der dänische Kanonenbootkrieg 1808 (German)
  15. ^ Allen (1852), Vol 2, pp.251-2.
  16. ^ Hepper (1994), p.126.
  17. ^ James (1827), 130.
  18. ^ Hepper (1994), p.130.
  19. ^ a b London Gazette: no. 16296. pp. 1456–1457. 9 September 1809.
  20. ^ Norrie (1827), p.202.
  21. ^ Hepper (1994), p.130
  22. ^ London Gazette: no. 16297. p. 1471. 12 September 1809.
  23. ^ Wandel CF (1815) pages 265-267
  24. ^ a b c d Gossett (1986), pp.78-9.
  25. ^ Anderson (1910), p.344.
  26. ^ London Gazette: no. 16486. p. 921. 18 May 1811.
  27. ^ a b Naval Chronicle Vol. 26 (Jul-Dec 1811), pp.284-6.
  28. ^ James (1837), Vol. 5, pp.347-8.
  29. ^ Gossett (1986), p.80.
  30. ^ Winfield (2008), p.325.
  31. ^ London Gazette: no. 16637. pp. 1710–1711. 22 August 1812.
Bibliography
  • Allen, Joseph (1852) Battles of the British navy. (H.G. Bohn).
  • Brett, John Edwin (1871) Brett's illustrated naval history of Great Britain, from the earliest period to the present time: a reliable record of the maritime rise and progress of England. (Publishing Off.).
  • Gossett, William Patrick (1986), The lost ships of the Royal Navy, 1793-1900, Mansell, ISBN 0-7201-1816-6 
  • Grocott, Terence (1997), Shipwrecks of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, Chatham, ISBN 1-86176-030-2 
  • Hepper, David J. (1994) British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859. (Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot). ISBN 0-948864-30-3
  • James, William (1837), The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV., R. Bentley 
  • Munch-Petersen, Thomas (2007), Defying Napoleon, Sutton Publishing 
  • (Danish)Wandell, C.F. (1815) Søkrigen i de dansk-norske farvande 1807-14 (War in Danish-Norwegian Waters 1807-14), (Copenhagen: Carlsbergsfonden for Jacob Lund).
  • Winfield, Rif (2008), British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates, Seaforth, ISBN 1861762461 

[edit] External links

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