Gung-ho
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Gung ho is a term used to mean "enthusiastic" or "dedicated", sometimes excessively so.
The term was picked up by United States Marine Corps Major Evans Carlson from his New Zealand friend, Rewi Alley, one of the founders of the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. Carlson explained in a 1943 interview: "I was trying to build up the same sort of working spirit I had seen in China where all the soldiers dedicated themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over. I told the boys about it again and again. I told them of the motto of the Chinese Cooperatives, Gung Ho. It means Work Together-Work in Harmony...." [1]
Later Carlson used gung ho during his (unconventional) command of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion. From there it spread throughout the U.S. Marine Corps (hence the association between the two), where it was used as an expression of spirit and into American society as a whole when the phrase became the title of a 1943 war film, Gung Ho!, about the 2nd Raider Battalion's raid on Makin Island in 1942.
The term, however does not appear in Chinese dictionaries. Rewi Alley's biographer notes that by "a strange quirk of intercultural crossbreeding, gung ho has taken on a life of its own in the English language, with an Anglicised pronunciation of the Chinese" [2]. "Gung ho" (gong l he 2) is a contraction of the phrase "gōngyè hézuòshè (工業合作社), that is, the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (INDUSCO). The two Chinese characters (工合) are translated individually as "work" and "together," but they do not form a phrase.
The linguist Albert Moe studied both the origin and the usage in English. He concludes that the term is an "Americanism that is derived from the Chinese, but its several accepted American meanings have no resemblance whatever to the recognized meaning in the original language" and that its "various linguistic uses, as they have developed in the United States, have been peculiar to American speech." In Chinese," concludes Moe, "this is neither a slogan nor a battle cry; it is only a name for an organization." [3]
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Albert F. Moe (1967) "Gung Ho", American Speech. The American Dialect Society.
- http://www.chinapage.com/word/gungho.html
- Gung Ho according to Evans Carlson
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