Foreign relations of Guyana

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After independence in 1966, Guyana sought an influential role in international affairs, particularly among Third World and non-aligned nations. It served twice on the UN Security Council (1975–76 and 1982–83). Former Vice President, Deputy Prime Minister, and Attorney General Mohamed Shahabuddeen served a 9-year term on the International Court of Justice (1987–96). In June 2023, Guyana was elected as a non-permanent member to the UN Security Council. The country will serve on the Council for a period of two years, beginning in January 2024.

Guyana has diplomatic relations with a wide range of nations, and these are managed primarily through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The European Union (EU), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Organization of American States (OAS) have offices in Georgetown.

Regional relations[edit]

Guyana strongly supports the concept of regional integration. It played an important role in the founding of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), but its status as the organization's poorest member limits its ability to exert leadership in regional activities. Guyana has sought to keep foreign policy in close alignment with the consensus of CARICOM members, especially in voting in the UN, OAS, and other international organizations.

International disputes[edit]

All of the area west of the Essequibo River has at one point been under dispute, namely by Venezuela and Brazil. In 1899, the government in Caracas reluctantly accepted the Venezuelan-Guyanese border but later revived its claim to the Essequibo in 1962. Suriname has an ongoing dispute with Guyana and this pertains to the area east of the Upper Courantyne.

Currently, two neighbours have longstanding territorial disputes with Guyana. Since the 19th century, Venezuela has claimed the majority or all of Guyana situated west of the Essequibo River – 62% of Guyana's territory. At a meeting in Geneva in 1966, the two countries agreed to receive recommendations from a representative of the UN Secretary General on ways to settle the dispute peacefully. Diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative continue. In December 2023 president Nicolás Maduro called for a public referendum which resulted in the government of Venezuela officially claiming ownership of the Essequibo, claim that resulted in the 2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis.[1][2]

Neighbouring Suriname also claims the territory east of Guyana's New River, a largely uninhabited area of some 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) in southeast Guyana. Guyana and Suriname also disputed their offshore maritime boundaries. This dispute flared up in June 2000 in response to an effort by a Canadian company to drill for oil under a Guyanese concession. Guyana regards its legal title to all of its territory as sound. However, the dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea and a ruling in favor of Guyana was announced in September 2007.[3][4][5]

Crime[edit]

In 1993, Guyana ratified the 1988 Vienna Convention on illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and cooperates with US law enforcement agencies on counter-narcotics efforts. Guyana is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Guyana has been considered a transshipment point for narcotics from South America, primarily Venezuela, to Europe and the United States and producer of cannabis.

Relations by country[edit]

List of countries which Guyana has diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[6][7]
1  Belize Unknown[8]
2  Saint Kitts and Nevis Unknown[9]
3  Canada 26 May 1966
4  India 26 May 1966
5  Trinidad and Tobago 26 May 1966
6  United Kingdom 26 May 1966
7  United States 15 August 1966
8  Germany 2 September 1966
9  Venezuela 25 November 1966
10  Barbados 30 November 1966
11  Italy 12 April 1967
12  France 22 June 1967
13  Pakistan 10 November 1967
14  Serbia 5 November 1968
15  Brazil 18 December 1968
16  Japan 11 June 1969
17  Jamaica 20 June 1969[10]
18  South Korea 2 October 1969
19  Netherlands 15 May 1970
20  Guinea 8 June 1970
21  Uganda 21 July 1970
22  Haiti 6 October 1970
23  Ethiopia 13 October 1970
24  Dominican Republic 19 October 1970
25  Russia 17 December 1970
26  Colombia 18 December 1970
27  Tanzania 28 December 1970
28  Kenya December 1970
29  Zambia 11 February 1971
30  Belgium 10 June 1971
31  Peru 17 July 1971
32  Chile 22 July 1971
33  Egypt 10 September 1971
34  Cyprus 11 February 1972
35  Bangladesh 24 March 1972
36  Poland 10 June 1972
37  China 27 June 1972
38  Libya 9 August 1972
39  Argentina 6 October 1972
40  Cuba 8 December 1972
41  Mexico 1 March 1973
42  Panama 16 March 1973
43  Austria 3 April 1973
44  Turkey 2 May 1973
45  Australia 14 May 1973
46  Syria 19 June 1973
47  Romania 20 June 1973
48  Bahamas 10 July 1973
49  Cambodia 5 September 1973
50  Costa Rica 17 April 1974
51  North Korea 18 May 1974
52  Ecuador 2 July 1974
53  Sri Lanka 14 July 1974
54  New Zealand 1 September 1974
55  Iraq 22 September 1974
56  Sierra Leone 25 October 1974
57  Liberia 11 November 1974
58  Vietnam 19 April 1975
59  Hungary 10 June 1975
60  Sweden 16 June 1975
61  Mozambique 21 August 1975
62  Botswana 28 October 1975
63  Suriname 25 November 1975
64  Malta 12 March 1976
65  Czech Republic 17 May 1976[11]
66  Malaysia 26 April 1976
67  Nigeria 2 August 1976
68  Algeria 20 September 1976
69  Bulgaria 25 March 1977
70   Switzerland 24 May 1977
71  Angola 24 July 1977
72  Dominica 3 November 1978
73  Portugal 5 December 1978
74  Saint Lucia 22 February 1979
75  Finland 2 April 1979
76  Ghana 14 May 1979
77  Greece 14 May 1979
78  Niger 25 June 1979
79  Norway 2 August 1979
80  Lesotho 25 August 1979
81  Spain 12 October 1979
82  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979
83  Denmark 16 November 1979
84  Mongolia 15 December 1979
85  Grenada February 1980
86  Yemen 14 June 1980
87  Zimbabwe 19 June 1980
88  Antigua and Barbuda 3 February 1981
89  Nicaragua 23 November 1981
90  Albania 1 May 1985
91  Uruguay 3 June 1985
92  Iran 6 September 1986
93  Bolivia 12 March 1987
94  Burkina Faso 23 September 1987
95  Thailand 17 December 1987
96  Brunei 20 June 1990
97  Israel 9 March 1992
98  Guatemala 1 May 1992
99  El Salvador 1 May 1992
100  Mauritius 1 December 1992
101  Honduras December 1992[12]
102  Slovakia 1 January 1993
103  Eswatini 26 February 1993
104  Seychelles 28 April 1993
105  Maldives 13 April 1994
106  Paraguay 14 April 1994
107    Nepal 22 June 1994
108  South Africa 4 November 1994
109  Namibia 13 November 1994
110  United Arab Emirates 6 February 1995
111  Lebanon 2 March 1995
112  Kuwait 17 August 1995
113  Azerbaijan 1 September 1995
114  Oman 17 January 1996
115  Qatar 23 August 1996
116  Solomon Islands 26 November 1996
116  Estonia 19 April 1997
—  Holy See 9 June 1997
118  Turkmenistan 11 June 1997
119  Bahrain 19 November 1997
120  Jordan 19 August 1998
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 19 May 1999
121  Indonesia 27 August 1999
122  Ireland 2 February 2000
123  Belarus 20 February 2000
124  Ukraine 15 November 2001
125  Singapore 19 September 2002
126  North Macedonia 22 September 2003
127  Armenia 24 October 2003[13]
128  Iceland 10 March 2005
129  Latvia 16 March 2005
130  Croatia 25 September 2006
131  Slovenia 20 April 2007
132  Philippines 25 September 2008
133  Luxembourg 17 June 2009
134  Gambia 24 September 2009
135  Senegal 10 November 2009
136  Montenegro 21 September 2011
137  Lithuania 25 January 2012
138  Saudi Arabia 22 February 2012
139  Georgia 23 April 2012
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (cancelled) 28 September 2012[14][15]
140  Tuvalu 28 September 2012
141  Morocco 14 December 2012
142  Kazakhstan 15 January 2013[16]
—  State of Palestine 21 February 2013
143  Bosnia and Herzegovina 9 May 2013[17]
—  Kosovo 13 June 2013
144  Moldova 12 September 2013
145  Fiji 8 December 2014
146  Kyrgyzstan 23 September 2016[17]
147  San Marino 17 February 2019[18]
148  Rwanda 24 August 2022[17]
149  Tajikistan 19 September 2022[19]
150  Uzbekistan 10 October 2022[20]
151  Cape Verde 4 April 2023[17]

Africa[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Botswana 1975
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1975.[21]
  • Guyana is covered through the Botswana Mission in New York City.[22]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Namibia 1994
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 13 December 1994.[21]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
  • Guyana is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Guyana from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
 South Africa 4 November 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 November 1994.[23]
  • South Africa is represented in Guyana through its High Commission in Kingston, Jamaica.[23]

Americas[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 6 October 1972
 Barbados See Barbados–Guyana relations

The relations between Guyana and Barbados had its genesis to a time when both Guyana (then British Guiana) and Barbados were both British colonies. Shortly after Great Britain secured British Guiana from the Dutch, waves of migrants were encouraged to move and settle in Guyana. Barbados was one such location where large numbers of migrants came from. Through time Barbados and Guyana have both supported each other. With the move towards independence in the region Guyana was seen as the breadbasket of the wider Caribbean which led to yet more waves of Barbadians seeking to move to Guyana for better opportunities.

Relations have been rocky, during the 1990s, immigration became contentious for Guyanese persons to Barbados. Such terms as the "Guyanese bench" in the immigration area of the Barbados Sir Grantley Adams International Airport have tested both states at times. The two nations continue their cooperation through the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and work towards building and maintaining good relations between their nationals. Both nations also attempt to maintain open communications at high levels of both Governments.

More recently the Guyanese Government has extended an offer to Barbadians.[25][26] The Guyanese government has offered to put in place an economically favourable regime towards any Barbadians that wish to relocate to Guyana and contribute towards that nation's goals in agricultural investment.[27] The announcement was made in the final days of the Owen Arthur administration by MP member Mia Mottley.

In the early 1990s the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, Patrick Manning pitched an initiative for Barbados, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago to enter into some form of political union or political association. This initiative was short lived and didn't proceed following the Democratic Labour Party's defeat during the 1994 elections.

 Belize
  • Belize has a high commission in Georgetown.
  • Guyana has an honorary consulate in Belize.
 Brazil See Brazil–Guyana relations

Brazil–Guyana relations have traditionally been close. Brazil has provided military assistance to Guyana in the form of war fare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's new South-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen South American integration.

During a state visit by Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to Georgetown on 2 March 2007, the governments of Guyana and Brazil signed several cooperation agreements and announced plans to boost trade between the two countries.

 Canada

Canada started relations with Guyana in 1964[28] with the construction of the Commission of Canada in Georgetown. In 1966 it became a Canadian High Commission. There is a Guyanese High Commission in Ottawa and a Guyanese Consulate in Toronto.

Canada and Guyana have strong ties through the Commonwealth of Nations. There is an estimated 200,000 Guyanese living in Canada. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Guyanese police work closely to help with drug, and human smuggling.

Guyana's largest import from Canada is machinery (CAD $13 mil), and export is precious metals (CAD$482 mil).[29] Food exports generally cater to Canada's Guyanese diaspora population.[30]

 Dominica 3 November 1978

Dominica and Guyana have established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1978.[31]

 Mexico 1 March 1973 See Guyana–Mexico relations
  • Guyana is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[33]
  • Mexico has an embassy in Georgetown.[34]
 Suriname 25 November 1975 See Guyana–Suriname relations
 Trinidad and Tobago 26 May 1966 See Guyana-Trinidad and Tobago relations

Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago have had historically close ties due to their shared culture, history, dominion under the British empire, demographics and religion. Both Countries have a substantial population of Hindus from indentured servitude from India along with a large African population from Africa. Both countries are a part of the Commonwealth of Nations and CARICOM. Trinidad was the largest forgiver of debt in the 1990s Paris Club Agreement to Guyana, forgiving Hundred of Millions of Debt. A substantial number of Guyanese people live in Trinidad and Tobago. In recent years, relations between the two countries warmed with Guyana establishing its First Diplomatic Mission in Port of Spain in 2017. In 2018, they signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Energy Cooperation.

 United States See Guyana–United States relations

U.S. policy toward The Co-operative Republic of Guyana seeks to develop robust, sustainable democratic institutions, laws, and political practices; support economic growth and development; and promote stability and security. During the last years of his administration, President Hoyte sought to improve relations with the United States as part of a decision to move his country toward genuine political nonalignment. Relations also were improved by Hoyte's efforts to respect human rights, invite international observers for the 1992 elections, and reform electoral laws. The United States also welcomed the Hoyte government's economic reform and efforts, which stimulated investment and growth. The 1992 democratic elections and Guyana's reaffirmation of sound economic policies and respect for human rights have placed U.S.-Guyanese relations on an excellent footing. Under successive PPP governments, the United States and Guyana continued to improve relations. President Cheddi Jagan was committed to democracy, adopted more free market policies, and pursued sustainable development for Guyana's environment.

  • Guyana has an embassy in Washington, DC and a consulate-general in New York City.
  • United States has an embassy in Georgetown.[35]
 Uruguay 1985
 Venezuela See Guyana–Venezuela relations

Venezuela claimed more than half of the territory of the British colony of Guyana at the time of the Latin American wars of independence, a dispute that was settled by arbitration in 1899. In 1962 Venezuela declared that it would no longer abide by the arbitration decision, which ceded mineral-rich territory in the Orinoco basin to Guyana. The area is called "Guayana Esequiba" by Venezuela. A border commission was set up in 1966 with representatives from Guyana, Venezuela and Great Britain, but failed to reach agreement. Venezuela vetoed Guyana's bid to become a member of the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1967. In 1969 Venezuela backed an abortive uprising in the disputed area.

Under intense diplomatic pressure, Venezuela agreed in 1970 to a 12-year moratorium on the dispute with the Protocol of Port-of-Spain. In 1981, Venezuela refused to renew the protocol. However, with changes to the governments of both countries relations improved, to the extent that in 1990 Venezuela sponsored Guyana's bid for OAS membership in 1990.[36][37]

Asia[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 China

Bilateral relations are good and progress on the economic side.[38] In 2022 exports from Guyana to China reached sum $1 billion dollars.[39] Currently Chinese state owned companies are working to construct the largest bridge in Guyana which will span the Demerara River.[40]

 India See Guyana–India relations

Relations between India and Guyana ever since the independence of Guyana in May 1966 have been cordial.[41] The cordiality in the relation remains unaffected with changes in governments either in India or in Guyana. Late Shrimati Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, visited Guyana in 1968, late Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, the then Vice President of India visited Guyana in 1988 and Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the then Vice President of India came on a state visit to Guyana in 2006.[41]

The cooperation between the two countries in sharing developmental experience is mainly routed through Indian Technical & Economic Cooperation (ITEC) under which forty scholarships are granted every year in various courses. Besides, some experts are also deputed to Guyana from time to time on request in specified areas of activity. Several other scholarships are also available to Guyanese to pursue long-term courses, to get acquainted with India and to learn Hindi language in India.

India has offered credit facilities to Guyana for use in mutually accepted designated fields, agriculture and information technology, being two of these. Indian companies have also expressed interest in bio fuel, energy, minerals and pharmaceuticals. Total trade turn over remains low, though the trend is positive.

Indian Cultural Centre in Georgetown was established in 1972 with the objective of strengthening cultural relations and mutual understanding between India and Guyana and their peoples. The Centre runs regular classes in Yoga and Dance (Kathak). The centre has a well equipped Auditorium where cultural events are organised on a regular basis. The teachers and students of ICC participate in events by the local community on various occasions round the year. The centre has a library with books/publications on history, literature, art, culture, mythology and works of eminent scholars and authors.

An important cultural connection between India and Guyana is cricket. With the advent of the Indian Premier League, many Guyanese players were contracted to play in India.[41]

 Qatar
  • Guyana has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Georgetown.
 South Korea June 13, 1968

The Republic of Guyana and The Republic of Korea established diplomatic relations on 1968-06-13.[42]

Europe[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Croatia 25 February 2003
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 2003.[43]
  • Croatia is represented in Guyana through its Permanent Mission in New York City.[44]
 Cyprus 11 May 2011
 Denmark 16 November 1979
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1979.[21]
  • Denmark is represented in Guyana, through its embassy in Brasília.[47]
  • Guyana is represented in Denmark, through its embassy in Brussels.
 Finland 1979
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1979.[21]
  • Guyana is represented in Finland by their embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Finland also has an honorary consulate general in Georgetown.
 France 1967
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1967.[21]
  • France is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Paramaribo, Suriname.[48]
  • France has an honorary consulate in Guyana.[49]
  • Both countries have passed a number of bilateral treaties.[50]
 Germany 1966 See: Germany–Guyana relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[51]
  • Germany is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.[52]
 Georgia 23 April 2012
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 2012.[53]
  • Bilateral political consultations between the Foreign Agencies cooperation is ongoing between both countries in political, legal, cultural, trade and economic relations. Cooperation concerning the academic exchanges is successfully implemented.[53]
 Greece 14 May 1979
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1979.[21]
  • Greece is represented in Guyana by its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[54]
  • Greece has provided Guyana with development aid in the past.[54]
 Russia 17 December 1970 See Guyana–Russia relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1970.
  • Guyana is represented in Russia by its High Commission in( London, United Kingdom.
  • Russia is represented in Guyana by its embassy in Georgetown, Guyana.
 Serbia 5 November 1968
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1968.[55]
  • Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C.[56]
 United Kingdom
  • Guyana has a high commission in London.[57]
  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Georgetown.[58]

Oceania[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia

See also[edit]

References and notes[edit]

[61]

  1. ^ "Venezuelans approve a referendum to claim sovereignty over a swathe of neighboring Guyana". ABC News. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Tensions rise as Venezuelans vote on disputed territory in neighbouring Guyana". The Guardian. Associated Press. 3 December 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Welcome to guyanachronicle.com". Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
  4. ^ Guyana to experience ‘massive' oil exploration this year
  5. ^ Business: News in the Caribbean – Caribbean360.com Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  7. ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "ST. KITTS AND NEVIS' PRIME MINISTER CONGRATULATES GUYANA ON ITS 52nd ANNIVERSARY OF INDEPENDENCE". 28 May 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  10. ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  11. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  12. ^ Belize Today. Government Information Service. 1992. p. 7.
  13. ^ "Guyana". MFA of Armenia. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  14. ^ "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open mission here". Guyana Times. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  15. ^ "Lehbib Breika presents credentials as SADR ambassador to Guyana". Sahara Press Service. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  16. ^ "Guyana and Kazakhstan establish diplomatic relations". 15 January 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d "Diplomatic relations between Guyana and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  18. ^ "Guyana establishes diplomatic ties with San Marino". Guyana Chronicle. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  19. ^ "Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Hon. Hugh Hilton Todd, earlier today signed a joint communique". 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  20. ^ "Uzbekistan establishes diplomatic relations with Cooperative Republic of Guyana". 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ^ "Bilateral Relations: G". www.mofaic.gov.bw. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  23. ^ a b "South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  24. ^ "Embajada en Guyana" (in Spanish). Eguya.cancilleria.gov.ar. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  25. ^ "The Nation Newspaper | the Guyana land offer to Barbados". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  26. ^ "The Nation Newspaper | Guyana land lease offer 'ridiculous'". Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  27. ^ "The Nation Newspaper | Guyana low cost land". Archived from the original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  28. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (4 November 2008). "Canada - Guyana Relations". GAC. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  29. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (4 November 2008). "Fact Sheet". www.canadainternational.gc.ca. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  30. ^ "Guyana's exports to Canada enjoyed mixed blessings in last five years". Stabroek News. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  31. ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016.
  32. ^ Guyana's Diplomatic & Consular Representatives
  33. ^ "Non-resident ambassador of Guyana presents letter of accreditation to the President of Mexico (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  34. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Georgetown (in English and Spanish)
  35. ^ "Embassy of the United States in Georgetown". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  36. ^ "Relations with Venezuela". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  37. ^ "The Trail of Diplomacy". Guyana News and Information. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  38. ^ China ministry of foreign affairs
  39. ^ China-Guyana trade near one billion US dollars so far this year
  40. ^ David Papannah (26 May 2022). "New bridge over Demerara closer". Stabroek News. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  41. ^ a b c Indian High Commission Guyana Archived 15 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ "Search | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea".
  43. ^ Ministry of foreign affairs of Croatia
  44. ^ Ministry of foreign affairs of Croatia
  45. ^ "Cyprus Foreign ministry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  46. ^ Cyprus Foreign ministry
  47. ^ "Danish Consulate in Guyana". Danish embassy in Brasilia, Brazil. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  48. ^ "Embassy of France in Paramaribo". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  49. ^ "Ambassade de France au Suriname et au Guyana".
  50. ^ French ministry of foreign affairs (in French)
  51. ^ German Ministry of foreign affairs
  52. ^ Germany's embassy in Port of Spain
  53. ^ a b "Ministry of foreign affairs of Georgia". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  54. ^ a b Greek Ministry of foreign affairs
  55. ^ "Ministry of foreign affairs of Serbia". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  56. ^ "Ministry of foreign affairs of Serbia". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  57. ^ High Commission of Guyana in London
  58. ^ High Commission of the United Kingdom in Georgetown
  59. ^ Australia's High Commission in Port of Spain
  60. ^ Australia's Department of foreign affairs and trade
  61. ^ "Guyana to join the UN Security Council as new non-permanent member | United Nations in Guyana". guyana.un.org. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
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