HARS

Histidyl-tRNA synthetase
PDB rendering based on 1x59.
Available structures PDB 1x59
Identifiers
Symbols	HARS; FLJ20491; HRS
External IDs	OMIM: 142810 MGI: 108087 HomoloGene: 1592 GeneCards: HARS Gene
EC number	6.1.1.21
Gene Ontology Molecular function • nucleotide binding • histidine-tRNA ligase activity • histidine-tRNA ligase activity • ATP binding • ligase activity Cellular component • cytoplasm • cytosol Biological process • translation • tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation • histidyl-tRNA aminoacylation • gene expression Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3035	15115
Ensembl	ENSG00000170445	ENSMUSG00000001380
UniProt	P12081	Q3TKU3
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002109	NM_008214.4
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002100	NP_032240.3
Location (UCSC)	Chr 5: 139.97 – 140.07 Mb	Chr 18: 36.93 – 36.94 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HARS) also known as histidine-tRNA ligase, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the HARS gene.

Function

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic enzyme which belongs to the class II family of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. The enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of histidyl-transfer RNA, which is essential for the incorporation of histidine into proteins. The gene is located in a head-to-head orientation with HARSL on chromosome five, where the homologous genes share a bidirectional promoter.

Clinical significance

The gene product is a frequent target of autoantibodies in the human autoimmune disease polymyositis/dermatomyositis.

Interactions

HARS has been shown to interact with EEF1B2 and EEF1G.

Further reading

• Raben N, Borriello F, Amin J, et al. (1992). "Human histidyl-tRNA synthetase: recognition of amino acid signature regions in class 2a aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (5): 1075–81. doi:10.1093/nar/20.5.1075. PMC 312093. PMID 1549469. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=312093. 
• Shi MH, Tsui FW, Rubin LA (1991). "Cellular localization of the target structures recognized by the anti-Jo-1 antibody: immunofluorescence studies on cultured human myoblasts.". J. Rheumatol. 18 (2): 252–8. PMID 2023220. 
• Carlock LR, Skarecky D, Dana SL, Wasmuth JJ (1985). "Deletion mapping of human chromosome 5 using chromosome-specific DNA probes.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 37 (5): 839–52. PMC 1684692. PMID 2996334. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1684692. 
• Wasmuth JJ, Carlock LR (1986). "Chromosomal localization of human gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase: clustering of genes encoding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases on human chromosome 5.". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 12 (5): 513–7. doi:10.1007/BF01539922. PMID 3464104. 
• Tsui FW, Siminovitch L (1987). "Isolation, structure and expression of mammalian genes for histidyl-tRNA synthetase.". Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (8): 3349–67. doi:10.1093/nar/15.8.3349. PMC 340734. PMID 3554142. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=340734. 
• O'Hanlon TP, Raben N, Miller FW (1995). "A novel gene oriented in a head-to-head configuration with the human histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HRS) gene encodes an mRNA that predicts a polypeptide homologous to HRS.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210 (2): 556–66. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1696. PMID 7755634. 
• Ogata K, Kurahashi A, Nishiyama C, Terao K (1994). "Presence of role of the 5SrRNA-L5 protein complex (5SRNP) in the threonyl- and histidyl-tRNA synthetase complex in rat liver cytosol.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1218 (3): 388–400. PMID 8049265. 
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. 
• Tsui HW, Mok S, de Souza L, et al. (1993). "Transcriptional analyses of the gene region that encodes human histidyl-tRNA synthetase: identification of a novel bidirectional regulatory element". Gene 131 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90294-D. PMID 8406012. 
• Vázquez-Abad D, Carson JH, Rothfield N (1997). "Localization of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in human laryngeal epithelial carcinoma cell line (HEp-2 cells)". Cell Tissue Res. 286 (3): 487–91. doi:10.1007/s004410050718. PMID 8929351. 
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149. 
• Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, et al. (2002). "Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291 (1): 158–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398. PMID 11829477. 
• O'Hanlon TP, Miller FW (2002). "Genomic organization, transcriptional mapping, and evolutionary implications of the human bi-directional histidyl-tRNA synthetase locus (HARS/HARSL)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294 (3): 609–14. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00525-9. PMID 12056811. 
• Ascherman DP, Oriss TB, Oddis CV, Wright TM (2003). "Critical requirement for professional APCs in eliciting T cell responses to novel fragments of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis". J. Immunol. 169 (12): 7127–34. PMID 12471150. 
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139241. 
• Lu Q, Hope LW, Brasch M, et al. (2003). "TSG101 interaction with HRS mediates endosomal trafficking and receptor down-regulation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (13): 7626–31. doi:10.1073/pnas.0932599100. PMC 164637. PMID 12802020. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164637. 
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. 
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=528928. 
• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. 
• Levine SM, Raben N, Xie D, et al. (2007). "Novel conformation of histidyl-transfer RNA synthetase in the lung: the target tissue in Jo-1 autoantibody-associated myositis". Arthritis Rheum. 56 (8): 2729–39. doi:10.1002/art.22790. PMID 17665459.